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. 2024 May 31;10:72. doi: 10.1038/s41378-024-00702-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Exploded view of the MESAS, consisting of a shielding case, printed circuit board (PCB), 12 V lithium battery and DAQ board. b Wiring diagram of an amplifier/filter circuit was provided, in which thirty-two working electrodes shared a common reference electrode. c PCB layout design (top). The dashed boxes indicate the locations of the modules. d System block diagram of the MESAS. e Test signals of different frequencies were applied to one channel, and the amplified and filtered signals were detected. The gain was measured and compared with the frequency response simulation plot. f The frequency response of the amplifier/filter circuit was simulated with upper and lower frequencies set at 10 kHz and 0.01 Hz, respectively. g For the same test signal, the gain and SNR of 32 channels were measured. h A ± 5.0 mV, 100 Hz triangular wave was applied to one channel, and the signals acquired in that channel and the neighboring channels were detected. No crosstalk was observed in the neighboring channels. i Five hours of continuous basal noise detection. Inset: 10 s of basal noise. j Raw ECG data from Ag/AgCl gel electrodes were acquired using the MESAS and a commercial instrument