Figure 1.

Overview of glucose stimulated insulin secretion in the β‐cell. Glucose enters the cell through glucose transporters (e.g., glucose transporter 2 in mice) and undergoes phosphorylation by hexokinase. Subsequently, glucose enters the glycolytic pathway, leading to the generation of two pyruvates from one glucose molecule. Pyruvate can be converted into acetyl‐coenzyme A or lactate. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), produced through glycolysis and the mitochondria through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, induces membrane depolarization by closing potassium channels. This depolarization event opens calcium channels, initiating the docking and exocytosis of insulin granules. Created with BioRender.com. ER, endoplasmic reticulum; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A. ADP, adenosine diphosphate.