Table 1. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of study participants in Lucknow and Sitapur districts.

* p-values are derived from chi-squared tests for age category, gender, religion, marital status, education, change in occupation after the COVID-19 pandemic, average individual monthly income in 2021, using the Internet on a mobile and tobacco use in the last three years.

** p-values are derived from Fisher’s exact tests for caste, occupation before the COVID-19 pandemic, average household monthly income in 2021, household size, watching TV and usual healthcare source in the last five years.

Characteristics	District			p-value
	Lucknow	Sitapur	Total
Age category*
18-29	79	74	153	0.056
30-39	77	102	179
40-49	75	87	162
50-59	58	55	113
60+	43	25	68
Gender*
Female	160	177	337	0.376
Male	172	166	338
Religion*
Hindu	310	313	623	0.102
Muslim	18	30	48
Caste**
General	66	106	172	<0.001
Other backward caste	230	165	395
Scheduled caste	36	71	107
Scheduled tribe	0	1	1
Marital status*
Never married	49	37	86	0.290
Married	269	291	560
Widowed	12	14	26
Education*
No education	56	107	163	<0.001
Primary education	22	46	68
Secondary education	117	146	263
Graduation	93	33	126
Postgraduation	44	11	55
Occupation before COVID-19 pandemic**
Homemaker	108	142	250	<0.001
Regular salaried	72	24	96
Self‐employed	63	96	159
Student	34	10	44
Labour	53	61	114
Unpaid worker	1	10	11
Change in occupation after COVID-19 pandemic*
Lost	6	12	18	0.305
Lost but regained	57	51	108
No Change	269	280	549
Average individual monthly Income 2021*
No income	146	169	315	<0.001
Below Poverty Line	34	91	125
Low income	84	71	155
Middle income	67	12	79
Average household monthly Income 2021**
Below Poverty Line	38	68	106	<0.001
Low income	138	207	345
Middle income	143	65	208
High income	13	2	15
Household size**
1	1	3	4	<0.001
2	17	17	34
3	35	19	54
4	80	37	117
5	104	95	199
>5	95	172	267
Watching TV**
Almost every day	249	142	391	<0.001
Not at all	75	201	276
Sometimes	8	0	8
Using the Internet on a mobile*
Almost every day	256	118	374	<0.001
Not at all	75	225	300
Usual healthcare source in last 5 years**
Government facility	149	123	272	<0.001
Private facility	183	205	388
Traditional healers	0	15	15
Tobacco use in the last 3 years*
No	264	205	469	<0.001
Yes	67	138	205