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approaches using mrna-based therapeutics and vaccines for treatment of hcc. a) tumor suppressor gene and apoptotic protein encoding mrna leads to apoptosis of tumor cells and inhibition of tumor growth. b) immunostimulatory cytokines coded by mrna polarize macrophages to tumor-suppressive m1 state. c) cancer vaccines use mrna encoding tumor antigens to elicit immune response and prime t cells against these antigens.
