pfcsp mrna for immunization against malaria. a) pfcsp-specific antibody assessed by r-pfcsp titration elisa for mice immunized twice at 4 week interval (10 μg lnp1 (0,4)), 3 week interval (10 μg lnp1 (0,3)) and once (30 μg lnp1 (0)). b) kaplan-meier survival curves for infected mice after administration of different doses of mrna-lnp, lnp only, and naïve control. c,d) kaplan-meier curves of parasitic challenged mice with 3 week (c) and 6 week (d) immunization schedule. mrna from university of pennsylvania with nucleoside modification (upenn) and commercially available mrna (trilink) were administered with prime:boost (2x) or prime:boost:boost (3x) regimen. adapted with permission from ref. 154. copyright 2021, springer nature.