Fig. 1.

Model, anatomy, study design, and main results. (A) Hyperdirect, indirect, and direct pathways of cortical–basal ganglia circuitry. (B) STN tripartition is composed of dorsolateral (red), central (green), and ventromedial (blue) subdivisions, which connects M1/SMA, ACC/DFC, VMPFC/OFC, respectively. (C) Study design and data analysis. STN: subthalamic nucleus; GPe: globus pallidus externus; GPi: globus pallidus internus; M1: primary motor cortex; SMA: supplementary motor area; STN-FBN FC: subthalamic nuclei-functional brain network functional connectivity; SN: salience network; DMN: default mode network; LECN: left executive central network; RECN: right executive central network; Visuospatial: visuospatial network; Language: language network; Auditory: auditory network; high_Visual: high visual network; prim_Visual: prime visual network; sensorimotor: sensorimotor network; MDS-UPDRS: the Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale motor assessment; oSDMT: oral the Symbol Digit Modalities Test; wSDMT: written the Symbol Digit Modalities Test.