Table 2.
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) in cancer associated drug resistance
| miRNA | Target | Chemotherapy Drug | Correlation |
|---|---|---|---|
| miR-646 | CDK6 pathway | Cisplatin | hsa_circ_0081143 contributes to cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by targeting the miR-646/CDK6 pathway. |
| miR-451 | YWHAZ | Paclitaxel | miR-451 plays a role in paclitaxel resistance by regulating YWHAZ in breast cancer. |
| miR-198 | PIK3R1 | Cisplatin | circAKT3 contributes to cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer by boosting PIK3R1 expression through miR-198 suppression. |
| miR-155 | N/A | Cisplatin | The delivery of miR-155 through exosomes contributes to the development of cisplatin resistance in oral cancer cells by promoting EMT. |
| miR-19b | mRNAs | 5-fluorouracil | miR-19b is upregulated in response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and it influences the cell cycle by targeting specific mRNAs. |
| miR-208b | PDCD4 | Oxaliplatin | Exosomal miR-208b contributes to oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer by promoting Treg expansion through targeting PDCD4. |
| miR-17-5p | Beclin1 | Paclitaxel | miR-17-5p downregulation is associated with paclitaxel resistance in lung cancer. It achieves this by directly altering Beclin1 expression, a crucial modulator of autophagy. |
| miR-873 | CDK3 | Tamoxifen | miR-873 acts as a tumor suppressor in ER-positive breast cancer by reducing ERα transcriptional activity and overcoming tamoxifen resistance through CDK3 targeting. |
| miR-449a | ADAM22 | Tamoxifen | miR-449a combats tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer cells by targeting ADAM22, a key player in this process. |
| miR-34a-5p and miR-204-5p | ACSL4 | Docetaxel | LncRNA NEAT1 contributes to docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer by upregulating ACSL4 through miR-34a-5p and miR-204-5p interactions. |
| miR-375 | N/A | Paclitaxel | miR-375 exhibits increased expression in cervical cancer cells that have developed paclitaxel resistance. |
| miR-186 | CPEB2 | Methotrexate | TUG1 contributes to methotrexate resistance in colorectal cancer by modulating the miR-186/CPEB2 axis. |
| miR-200c and miR-141 | N/A | Oxaliplatin | Down-regulation of miR-200c and miR-141 contributes to selective resistance to oxaliplatin and EMT in colorectal cancer cells during repeated treatments with L-OHP. |
| miR-130b | Colony-stimulating factor 1 | Cisplatin, Paclitaxel | miR-130b is epigenetically silenced in ovarian cancer, leading to the development of multidrug resistance by targeting colony-stimulating factor 1. |
| let-7 | Hedgehog signaling | Erlotinib/Cisplatin | Blocking Hedgehog signaling enhances the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to conventional therapies by influencing the expression of miRNAs that regulate EMT. |
| miR-21 | PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway | Paclitaxel | miR-21 overexpression associated with the suppression of PTEN, activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, and promoting resistance to Paclitaxel in various cancers. |
| miR-203 | ATM kinase | Oxaliplatin | miR-203 contributes to oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer cells by negatively regulating ATM kinase. |
| miR-200b | FN1 | Doxorubicin | miR-200b modulates EMT in chemo-resistant breast cancer cells by directly targeting FN1. |
| miR-21 | PTEN | Trastuzumab | miR-21 overexpression contributes to trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ breast cancers. |
| miR-22 | PTEN | Tamoxifen | CD63+ cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells by secreting exosomes rich in miR-22. |
| miR-374a-5p | N/A | Oxaliplatin | miR-374a-5p, elevated in patients with gastric cancer, predicts therapy response. It induces drug resistance by targeting Neurod1. Exosome-delivered anti-miR-374a-5p restores sensitivity to oxaliplatin in gastric cancer cells. |
| MiR-99a and MiR-491 | CAPNS1 | Cisplatin | MiR-99a and MiR-491 play a crucial role in regulating cisplatin resistance in human gastric cancer cells. |
| miR-196a | CDKN1B and ING5 | Cisplatin | Exosomal miR-196a, originating from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), induces cisplatin resistance in head and neck cancer (HNC). |
| miR-29 | ERK 1/2 | Cisplatin | miR-29 downregulation is associated with cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells. |
| MiR-148a | MSK1 | paclitaxel | MiR-148a plays a crucial role in reducing paclitaxel resistance in hormone-refractory, drug-resistant prostate cancer cells. |
| miR-100 and miR-125b | Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | Cetuximab | lncRNA MIR100HG, along with its embedded microRNAs miR-100 and miR-125b, contributes to cetuximab resistance by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. |
| miR-192 | DNA damage response pathways | Doxorubicin | miR-192 downregulation linked to impaired DNA damage response, contributing to resistance to Doxorubicin in various cancers. |
| miR-19a | N/A | FOLFOX | Serum miR-19a serves as a potential molecular biomarker for predicting and monitoring resistance to first-line FOLFOX chemotherapy regimens in advanced patients with colorectal cancer. |
| miR-224 | N/A | Methotrexate | miR-224 is underexpressed in methotrexate-resistant human colon cancer cells. |
| miR-153 | FOXO3a | Platinum | miR-153 contributes to colorectal cancer progression by enhancing invasion and promoting chemotherapeutic resistance. |
| miR-200c | EMT pathway | Gemcitabine | miR-200c downregulation associated with EMT and resistance to Gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. |
| miR-128 | ABCC5 and Bmi-1 | Cisplatin | miR-128 plays a role in promoting cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer by reducing ABCC5 and Bmi-1 expression. |
| miR-193a-3p | LOXL4 | Pirarubicin, Paclitaxel, Adriamycin, Epirubicin Hydrochloride, Cisplatin | miR-193a-3p influences bladder cancer chemoresistance by directly targeting the LOXL4 gene and affecting the Oxidative Stress pathway. |
| miR-320c | SMARCC1 | Gemcitabine | miR-320c regulates gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer by targeting SMARCC1, a core subunit of the chromatin remodeling complex. |
| miR-381 | MDR1 | Cisplatin | miR-381 combats cisplatin resistance in breast cancer by targeting MDR1, a key player in drug resistance. |
| miR-503 | Bcl-2 | Cisplatin | miR-503 modulates cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting Bcl-2. |
| miR-29b | N/A | Tamoxifen | miR-29b downregulation contributing in resistance to Tamoxifen in breast cancer. |
| miR-17-92 | TGF-β1 | Gemcitabine | The miR-17-92 cluster opposes the state of dormancy and resistance to chemotherapy in a specific subset of pancreatic cancer stem cells. |
| miR-619-5p | Wnt/β-catenin and autophagy pathway | Gemcitabine | LncRNA PVT1 contributes to gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer by activating the Wnt/β-catenin and autophagy pathway through the modulation of the miR-619-5p/Pygo2 and miR-619-5p/ATG14 axes. |
| miR-634 | Ras-MAPK pathway | Cisplatin | miR-634 enhances drug sensitivity in resistant ovarian cancer cells by directly targeting the Ras-MAPK pathway. |
| miR-217 | N/A | Paclitaxel | chemotherapy-induced exosomal circBACH1 contributes to breast cancer resistance and stemness by interacting with miR-217 and upregulating the expression of G3BP2. |
| MiR-30a | AKT | Gemcitabine | MiR-30a modulates the responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy by influencing the SNAI1/IRS1/AKT pathway. |
| miR-15b and miR-16 | BCL2 | Vincristine, Adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, mitomycin C, etoposide | miR-15b and miR-16 regulate multidrug resistance in human gastric cancer cells by targeting BCL2. |
| miR-125a-3p | N/A | Gemcitabine | In PDAC, miR-125a-3p governs chemosensitivity by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the inhibition of Fyn. |
| miR-153 | N/A | Gemcitabine | miR-153 augments the therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine through the targeting of Snail in the context of pancreatic cancer. |
| miR-183 | N/A | Gemcitabine | A newly identified interplay between KLF4 and ZEB1 governs the resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. |
| miR-200 | N/A | Gemcitabine | Elevation of miR-200 and let-7 expression induced by natural agents results in the reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells resistant to gemcitabine. |
| MiR-130a and MiR-374a | PTEN | Cisplatin | MiR-130a and MiR-374a Serve as New Regulators of Cisplatin Resistance in A2780 Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. |
| miR-1252 | N/A | Paclitaxel | circCELSR1 (hsa_circ_0063809) plays a role in paclitaxel resistance of ovarian cancer cells by regulating FOXR2 expression via miR-1252. |
| miR-205 | N/A | Gemcitabine | Induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by macrophage migration inhibitory factor amplifies tumor aggressiveness and serves as a prognostic predictor in surgically resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. |
| miR-214 | PTEN | Cisplatin | miR-214 promotes cell survival and confers resistance to cisplatin by directly targeting PTEN. |
| miR-222 and miR-29a | N/A | Adriamycin and docetaxel | miR-222 and miR-29a play a role in fostering drug resistance in breast cancer cells. |
| miR-205 and miR-31 | BCL2L2 (encoding Bcl-w) and E2F6 | Docetaxel, Cisplatin | Reduced expression of miR-205 and miR-31 leads to resistance against apoptosis induced by chemotherapy in prostate cancer cells. |
| miR-497 | NF-κB1 | Gemcitabine | microRNA-497 averts gemcitabine resistance, migration, and invasion in pancreatic cancer stem cells by directly targeting nuclear factor kappa B-1. |
| MiR-487a | BCRP/ABCG2 | Mitoxantrone | MiR-487a reverses mitoxantrone (MX) resistance in breast cancer cells by targeting the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2). |
| miR-506 | N/A | Gemcitabine | Reduced expression of NEAT1 heightens the sensitivity of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine via the modulation of the miR-506-3p/ZEB2/EMT axis. |
| miR-106a and miR-591 | N/A | Paclitaxel | miR-106a and miR-591 play crucial roles in causing paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells. |
| miR-26a and miR-30b | CCNE2 | Trastuzumab | miR-26a and miR-30b are key players in HER2+ breast cancer trastuzumab resistance, with their target gene being CCNE2. |
| miR-509 | N/A | Gemcitabine | miR-509-5p and miR-1243 enhance gemcitabine sensitivity by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer. |
| miR-27a | N/A | Vincristine, Adriamycin, Cisplatin, 5-fludrouracil | Reducing miR-27a levels could potentially hinder the growth and enhance sensitivity to drugs in gastric cancer cells. |
| miR-1206 | N/A | Gemcitabine | Circular RNA circ_0092367 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mitigates gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer through the regulation of the miR-1206/ESRP1 axis. |
| miR-509 | N/A | Gemcitabine | miR-509-5p and miR-1243 enhance gemcitabine sensitivity in pancreatic cancer by impeding epithelial-mesenchymal transition. |