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. 2024 Jun 3;25:553. doi: 10.1186/s12864-024-10450-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Changes in DNA methylation associated with development of the human pancreas. A Mean levels of DNA methylation in early fetal pancreas samples (6—8 PCW) and later fetal pancreas samples (19—21 PCW) across all significant dDMPs. B cg08125539, annotated to the IGF2BP1 gene on chromosome 17, was the most significant hypermethylated dDMP across pancreas development (change in DNA methylation proportion per gestational week = 0.049, P = 1.35 × 10^–61). C cg20554008, annotated to the MAP2K3 gene on chromosome 17, was the most significant hypomethylated dDMP across pancreas development (change in DNA methylation proportion per gestational week = -0.036, P = 1.48 × 10^–61). Many dDMPs are colocalized into larger regions of differential DNA methylation (dDMRs) associated with pancreas development. Shown are (D) the top-ranked hypermethylated dDMR located in the BLCAP and NNAT genes on chromosome 20 (regression coefficient = 0.253, P = < 1.14 × 10^–304) and E) the top-ranked hypomethylated dDMR located in the transcription start site of NWD1 on chromosome 19 (regression coefficient = -0.239, P = P = < 1.14 × 10^–304)