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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 3.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023 Jul 27;9(1):39. doi: 10.1038/s41572-023-00450-5

Fig. 1 |. Risk of HIV-associated lung diseases.

Fig. 1 |

The risk of infectious and non-infectious pulmonary complications of HIV may vary between children and adults and by CD4+ T cell count. For several infectious lung diseases, specific CD4+ T cell count thresholds exist below which the risk is substantially increased (for example, the risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is significantly increased in individuals with CD4+ T cell counts <200/μl). By contrast, no specific thresholds exist for infections such as bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), and COVID-19, and non-infectious complications, such as Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), although the risk generally increases with lower CD4+ T cell count. CMV, cytomegalovirus; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LIP, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis; NTM, non-tuberculous mycobacteria; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; VZV, varicella zoster virus. Adapted from figure courtesy of S. Pipavath.