Figure 1.

Changes in breast milk compositions caused spatial memory impairment in adult mice.

(a) The changes in breast milk compositions influence on behavior was studied by behavior tests after cross fostering and the schematic diagram was illustrated. Created with BioRender.com.

(b) Locomotor activity in LAO1 KO with WT milk and LAO1 KO with KO milk as assessed in OFT. n = 16 each; t₃₀ = 1.787, p = 0.08, Student’s t-test.

(c) Anxiety-like behavior in LAO1 KO with WT milk and LAO1 KO with KO milk as assessed in OFT. n = 16 each; t30 = 0.97, p = 0.34, Student’s t-test.

(d) Spatial learning in LAO1 KO with WT milk and LAO1 KO with KO milk as demonstrated using Morris water maze in training. Day1 (n = 16 each, t₁₈₀ = 0.68, p = 0.98, Sidak’s tests), Day2 (n = 16 each, t₁₈₀ = 1.01, p = 0.85, , Sidak’s tests), Day3 (n = 16 each, t₁₈₀  = 1.92, p = 0.30, Sidak’s tests), Day4 (n = 16 each, t₁₈₀ =  = 4.19, p < 0.05, Sidak’s tests), Day5 (n = 16 each, t₁₈₀ = 3.21, p < 0.05, Sidak’s tests), Day6 (n = 16 each, t₁₈₀  = 3.70, p < 0.05, Sidak’s tests).

(e) Spatial memory LAO1 KO with WT milk and LAO1 KO with KO milk as assessed in Morris water maze test in probe test. n = 16 each; t₃₀ = = 2.42, p < 0.05, Student’s t-test.

(f and g) Swimming activity as assessed in Morris water maze test in probe test. F (n = 16 each, t₃₀ = 1.59, p = 0.12, Student’s t-test). G (n = 16 each, t₃₀ = 1.59, p = 0.12, Student’s t-test).

Mean ± SEM; ^★indicates p <0.05; P, postnatal; KO, knockout; WT, wild-type.