Table 1.
Patient descriptives (N = 10).
| Variables | N (%) / M (SD; Range) |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Demographic characteristics | |
| Age | 45.70 (9.32, 30–57) |
| Women | 10 (100 %) |
| Race | |
| Black/African American | 1 (10 %) |
| White | 9 (90 %) |
| Ethnicity (% non-Hispanic) | 10 (100 %) |
| Sexual orientation | |
| “Straight” (heterosexual) | 10 (100 %) |
| Education | |
| Completed high school/GED | 1 (10 %) |
| Some college/associate degree | 5 (50 %) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 2 (20 %) |
| Doctoral degree | 2 (20 %) |
| Marital status | |
| Dating | 2 (20 %) |
| Living with partner | 2 (20 %) |
| Married | 1 (10 %) |
| Widowed | 1 (10 %) |
| Separated | 1 (10 %) |
| Divorced | 5 (50 %) |
| Children (% yes) | 9 (90 %) |
| Number of children | 2.80 (2.70; 1–10) |
| Primary caregiver of children (% yes) | 4 (40 %) |
| Employment status | |
| Full-time | 5 (50 %) |
| Unemployed | 4 (40 %) |
| On disability/military veteran | 1 (10 %) |
| Annual personal income (US Dollars) | $53,714.29 ($55,526.91; $0–$145,000) |
| Clinical characteristics | |
| Past year substance use (yes/no) | |
| Opioids | 9 (90 %) |
| Cocaine/Crack | 5 (50 %) |
| Tobacco | 4 (40 %) |
| Alcohol | 4 (40 %) |
| Cannabis | 4 (40 %) |
| Benzodiazepines | 4 (40 %) |
| Ecstasy | 4 (40 %) |
| Methamphetamines | 3 (30 %) |
| Kratom | 2 (20 %) |
| Ketamine | 1 (10 %) |
| Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) | 1 (10 %) |
| Commonly used opiates in lifetimea | |
| Oxycontin | 5 (50 %) |
| Heroin | 4 (40 %) |
| Vicodin | 4 (40 %) |
| Dilaudid | 3 (30 %) |
| Methadone | 2 (20 %) |
| Percodan | 2 (20 %) |
| Current Opioid Use Disorder, severe | 5 (50 %) |
| Lifetime Opioid Use Disorder, severe | 5 (50 %) |
| Age of first use of opiates (years) | 30.10 (10.94; 13–45) |
| Age of opioid dependence (years) | 31.30 (11.02; 14–46) |
| Lifetime Overdose (% yes) | 7 (70 %) |
| Number of overdoses | 2.30 (2.63; 0–8) |
| Chronic pain (% yes) | 7 (70 %) |
| Past opioid use treatment (medication or therapy %) | 7 (70 %) |
| Past trauma/PTSD treatment (medication or therapy %) | 4 (40 %) |
| Lifetime Traumatic Events (% yes; LEC-5)b | |
| Natural disaster | 5 (50 %) |
| Fire or explosion | 3 (30 %) |
| Transportation accident | 8 (80 %) |
| Serious accident at work, home, or during recreational activity | 6 (60 %) |
| Exposure to toxic substance | 3 (30 %) |
| Physical assault | 9 (90 %) |
| Assault with a weapon | 6 (60 %) |
| Sexual assault | 9 (90 %) |
| Other unwanted or uncomfortable sexual experience | 9 (90 %) |
| Combat or exposure to a warzone | 3 (30 %) |
| Captivity | 4 (40 %) |
| Life-threatening illness or injury | 7 (70 %) |
| Severe human suffering | 3 (30 %) |
| Sudden violent death | 7 (70 %) |
| Sudden accidental death | 6 (60 %) |
| Serious injury, harm, or death you caused to someone | 1 (10 %) |
| Any other very stressful event/experience | 7 (70 %) |
| Total Lifetime Traumatic Eventsb | 10.60 (4.12; 5–17) |
| Self-reported Index Trauma | |
| Physical assault | 4 (40 %) |
| Sexual assault | 2 (20 %) |
| Combat | 1 (10 %) |
| Life-threatening illness or injury | 2 (20 %) |
| Sudden accidental death (e.g., overdose) | 1 (10 %) |
| Any other very stressful event/experience (e.g., birth trauma) | 1 (10 %) |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms (PCL-5) | 37.10 (23.14, 9–80) |
Note: LEC-5 = Life Events Checklist for DSM-5; PCL-5 = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 for DSM-5.
a
As reported on MINI 7.0.0 (Sheehan et al., 1998). Participants could endorse more than one opioid as the most frequently used.
b
Frequency or sum of sample that endorsed each respective lifetime traumatic event happened to me, witnessed it, learned about it, or part of my job.