Table 5.
Multivariable bivariate logistic regression model used to identify participants' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with trajectories of depression.
| Variables | Categories | Severe lightly improving or stable moderate trajectories vs other trajectories | Stable mild vs other trajectories | Stable very mild or stable none vs other trajectories | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | ||
| Pre–COVID-19 variables | |||||||
| Sex at birth | Female vs male | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.204 | 1.4 (0.7, 2.8) | 0.352 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.8) | 0.585 |
| Working full time or part-time | Yes vs no | 0.5 (0.2, 1.5) | 0.195 | ||||
| Low back pain been an ongoing problem over the past 6 mo | At least half the days in the past 6 mo vs less than half the days in the past 6 mo Every day or nearly every day in the past 6 mo vs less than half the days in the past 6 mo |
0.8 (0.4, 1.9) 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) |
0.688 0.556 |
||||
| Low back pain spread down your leg(s) during the past 2 wk | Yes vs no/not sure | 2.3 (1.2, 4.4) | 0.009 | ||||
| Infiltration/injections | Yes vs no | 1.2 (0.4, 3.9) | 0.784 | 1.9 (0.6, 5.9) | 0.283 | ||
| Feeling that my low back pain is terrible and never going to get any better | Agree vs disagree | 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.218 | ||||
| Excess of alcohol or drugs | Yes vs no | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.010 | 3.4 (1.7, 7.0) | 0.001 | ||
| Current smoker | Yes vs no | ||||||
| Body mass index ≥30 | ≥30 vs < 30 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.608 | ||||
| Pain intensity before COVID-19 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | ||||||
| Depression before COVID-19 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | <0.0001 | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) | <0.001 | |||
| Onset outbreak variables | |||||||
| Age in years | >50 vs ≤50 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.5) | 0.832 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.189 | 1.6 (0.8, 3.5) | 0.199 |
| Acute stress disorder | Score from 0 to 76 | 1.1 (1.03, 1.1) | 0.001 | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 0.183 | 0.9 (0.9, 09) | 0.022 |
| Finding the COVID-19 pandemic stressful | Score from 0 (not at all) to 10 (extremely) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.665 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.700 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.494 |
| Finding lockdown measures associated with the COVID-19 pandemic stressful | Score from 0 (not at all) to 10 (extremely) | 1.3 (1.05, 1.6) | 0.017 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.858 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.091 |
| Time-variant variable | |||||||
| Having COVID-19 at any point | Yes vs no | 0.7 (0.3, 1.9) | 0.478 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.5) | 0.761 | 1.2 (0.5, 2.8) | 0.709 |
| Methodological variable | |||||||
| Months between pre–COVID-19 and onset-of-pandemic surveys | 0–17 mo | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.287 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.364 | ||
| Model evaluation | |||||||
| Hosmer and Lemeshow test | 0.593 | 0.289 | 0.448 | ||||
Significant associations were bolded. In the model of severe or stable moderate depressive symptoms trajectories, we forced sex, having COVID-19 at any point, and finding the COVID-19 pandemic stressful. In the model of mild stable moderate depressive symptoms trajectories, we forced age, sex, having COVID-19 at any point, and finding the COVID-19 pandemic stressful. In the model of stable slight or stable nondepressive symptoms trajectories, we forced sex, age, and having COVID-19 at any point.