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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 3.
Published in final edited form as: J Hum Resour. 2024 Apr;59(Suppl):S365–S401. doi: 10.3368/jhr.1222-12693r3

Table A37:

Estimates of the Production Function and Investment Equation by Gender (36 months)

Boys Girls
Socioemotional skills (36m)
(1)
Physical health (36m)
(2)
Cognition
(36m)
(3)
Parental investment (36m)
(4)
Socioemotional skills (36m)
(1)
Physical health (36m)
(2)
Cognition
(36m)
(3)
Parental investment (36m)
(4)
SE skills (12m) 0.250***
(0.060)
0.046*
(0.028)
−0.011
(0.027)
−0.045
(0.042)
0.272***
(0.053)
0.027
(0.026)
0.036
(0.033)
0.129***
(0.038)
physical health (12m) 0.037
(0.061)
1.017***
(0.034)
0.043
(0.038)
0.101***
(0.035)
−0.008
(0.046)
1.076***
(0.029)
0.041
(0.033)
0.022
(0.048)
cognition (12m) −0.011
(0.074)
−0.009
(0.034)
0.109***
(0.031)
0.055
(0.038)
−0.006
(0.042)
−0.028
(0.033)
0.018
(0.032)
0.015
(0.049)
mother mental health (12m) 0.313**
(0.135)
−0.004
(0.093)
−0.050
(0.074)
0.391***
(0.125)
−0.062
(0.113)
0.080
(0.061)
−0.124*
(0.077)
0.054
(0.082)
mother functioning (12m) −0.095
(0.083)
−0.069 *
(0.040)
0.082*
(0.049)
−0.020
(0.072)
−0.025
(0.060)
−0.035
(0.045)
0.054
(0.039)
−0.015
(0.066)
investment (36m) 0.024
(0.107)
−0.044
(0.076)
0.135**
(0.062)
0.283**
(0.115)
0.069
(0.051)
0.068
(0.067)
Interactions
mother MH (12m) × treat −0.072
(0.197)
0.076
(0.102)
0.101
(0.097)
−0.375***
(0.137)
0.161
(0.156)
−0.161**
(0.072)
0.084
(0.075)
0.010
(0.128)
mother MH (12m) × nondep. −0.248
(0.153)
0.076
(0.078)
−0.009
(0.087)
−0.380***
(0.128)
0.113
(0.138)
−0.060
(0.063)
0.032
(0.097)
0.206*
(0.110)
investment (36m) × treat −0.032
(0.160)
0.086
(0.096)
−0.073
(0.075)
−0.302*
(0.172)
0.003
(0.063)
−0.114
(0.096)
investment (36m) × nondep. 0.088
(0.149)
−0.021
(0.084)
−0.070
(0.076)
−0.075
(0.134)
−0.113*
(0.058)
0.041
(0.089)
Total factor productivity (TFP)
TFP −1.226
(3.612)
−2.654**
(1.288)
−0.702
(1.540)
1.761
(1.727)
3.063
(2.538)
−1.168
(1.203)
4.897***
(1.150)
1.299
(2.177)
TFP × treat −0.194
(0.129)
−0.182***
(0.062)
0.024
(0.064)
0.119
(0.083)
−0.078
(0.112)
−0.154***
(0.056)
0.031
(0.053)
0.165**
(0.070)
TFP × nondep. −0.310*
(0.167)
−0.011
(0.075)
−0.009
(0.092)
0.161
(0.145)
−0.102
(0.131)
0.114
(0.088)
−0.084
(0.122)
0.063
(0.129)
Baseline controls
SES assets −0.034
(0.028)
−0.012
(0.016)
−0.003
(0.017)
0.031
(0.027)
0.008
(0.022)
−0.002
(0.017)
0.009
(0.014)
0..074***
(0.026)
mother’s education (years) −0.008
(0.009)
0.008
(0.005)
0.014**
(0.006)
0.022***
(0.007)
−0.005
(0.010)
0.005
(0.006)
0.011**
(0.005)
0.011
(0.008)
husband’s education (years) 0.017
(0.014)
−0.006
(0.006)
0.004
(0.007)
0.047***
(0.011)
0.008
(0.010)
0.004
(0.006)
0.013
(0.009)
0.020*
(0.011)
Observations 442 442 442 442 439 439 439 439
R2 0.421 0.851 0.374 0.360 0.505 0.850 0.332 0.346
Adjusted R2 0.339 0.830 0.284 0.275 0.433 0.828 0.234 0.256

SE= socioemotional skills, MH=mental health. Table shows estimates of the production function at 36 months by the gender of the index child. Dependent variables are child outcomes and parental investment factors at 36 months postpartum. Independent variables include an indicator of treatment status (control, treatment, nondepressed), child and maternal factors at 12 months, parental investment factor at 36 months. Maternal mental health and parental investment are interacted with the treatment status. All estimations control for baseline characteristics including baseline PHQ Total, baseline WHODAS Total, baseline PSS Total, mother’s baseline age, weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure, family structure, grandmother being resident, total adults in the household, people per room, number of living children (splitted by gender), whether the index child is the first child, parental education levels, asset based SES index, life events checklist score, interviewer fixed effect, union council fixed effect, days from baseline and child age in days. Robust and clustered standard errors at the cluster level are reported in paranthesis.

Note:

*

p<0.1;

**

p<0.05;

***

p<0.01