The key steps of endochondral ossification during fracture-healing and examples of common perturbations that disrupt the respective phases. VEGF 5 vascular endothelial growth factor. (Reproduced, with modification, from: Bahney CS, Hu DP, Miclau T III, Marcucio RS. The multifaceted role of the vasculature in endochondral fracture repair. Front Endocrinol [Lausanne]. 2015;6:4, under Open Access License CC BY 4.0.)