Fig. 5.

Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors that may lead to the development of nonunion. WBC = white blood-cell count, ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP = C-reactive protein level, CT = computed tomography, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, and NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. (Reproduced, with modification, with permission of Thieme Publishers, from: Miclau T. Fracture delayed and nonunion. In: Marmor MT. Decision making in orthopaedic trauma. Thieme NY; 2017. p 154–5.)