Table 2.
Potential risk factors for SAE and its effect estimates.
| Potential risk factor for SAE | Number of studies | Total sample | Effect estimates (95% CI), random-effects meta-analysis | Heterogeneity test | p-value | Effect size model | Certainty in the evidence using the GRADE approach | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | Chi2 | |||||||
| APACHE II | 6 | 1,158 | SMD 1.84 (0.63, 3.06) | 98% | 321.02 | 0.003 | Random | Medium |
| SOFA | 4 | 597 | SMD 2.30 (0.35, 4.26) | 98% | 198.7 | 0.02 | Random | Medium |
| GCS | 1 | 232 | SMD −0.94 (−1.28, −0.59) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Age | 3 | 688 | SMD 1.24 (0.71, 1.78) | 90% | 20.28 | <0.00001 | Random | Medium |
| Hypertension | 1 | 291 | OR 1.82 (1.07, 3.10) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| COPD | 1 | 222 | OR 2.70 (1.34, 5.60) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Dependent activity | 1 | 175 | OR 5.83 (2.85, 11.93) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Medium |
| High nursing needs | 1 | 175 | OR 3.75 (1.96, 7.17) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Medium |
| Low level of consciousness | 1 | 175 | OR 4.23 (1.90, 9.44) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Medium |
| Tachypnoea | 1 | 175 | OR 2.80 (1.49, 5.28) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Gastrointestinal infections | 1 | 291 | OR 2.03 (1.14, 3.63) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Detection rate of enterococcus | 1 | 291 | OR 2.30 (1.10, 4.80) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Heart rate | 1 | 232 | SMD 0.52 (0.18, 0.86) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| PaO2 | 1 | 284 | SMD −0.36 (−0.61, −0.12) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| ALT | 1 | 284 | SMD 0.37 (0.13, 0.61) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Medium |
| Blood lactate | 1 | 232 | SMD 0.43 (0.09, 0.77) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Serum sodium | 2 | 454 | SMD −0.15 (−1.29, 0.99) | 95% | 21.47 | 0.8 | Random | Low |
| Platelets | 1 | 232 | SMD −0.35 (−0.69, −0.01) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Serum albumin | 2 | 322 | SMD −0.55 (−0.82, −0.28) | 0% | 0.78 | <0.0001 | Fixed | Low |
| PH | 1 | 232 | SMD −0.39 (−0.73, −0.05) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Tau protein | 2 | 150 | SMD 1.52 (0.58, 2.47) | 78% | 4.48 | 0.002 | Random | Low |
| MFI of CD86 in NKT | 1 | 90 | SMD-2.19 (−2.73,-1.65) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| CD4+ | 1 | 86 | SMD −1.69 (−2.20, −1.19) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| IL-6 | 2 | 63 | SMD 1.84 (0.24, 3.44) | 85% | 6.58 | 0.02 | Random | Low |
| S100 β | 1 | 22 | SMD 1.65 (0.66, 2.65) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| THRR index <1.09 | 1 | 51 | OR 5.78 (1.22, 27.26) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Mean value for rSO2 <55% | 1 | 51 | OR 3.86 (1.02–14.55) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
| Cortisol | 2 | 169 | SMD 3.67 (−3.01, 10.36) | 98% | 55.26 | 0.28 | Random | Low |
| ACTH | 1 | 41 | SMD 2.73 (1.86, 3.60) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Low |
CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; SMD, standard mean difference; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APACHEII, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; PH, potential of hydrogen; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; MFI of CD86 in NKT, Mean Fluorescence Intensity of CD86 in Natural Killer T cells; CD4+, cluster of differentiation 4; IL-6, interleukin-6; S100 β, S100 calcium-binding protein beta; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; THRR, transient hyperemic response ratio; rSO2, regional cerebral oxygen saturation; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone.