Table 1.
Subgroup analysis of self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes with telemedicine intervention.
| Subgroup | HbA1c | SBP | DBP | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | SMD [95%CI] | p-value | I 2 | Study | SMD [95%CI] | p-value | I 2 | Study | SMD [95%CI] | p-value | I 2 | |
| Total | 20 | −0.33 [−0.54, −0.12] | 0.002 | 76% | 6 | −0.46 [−0.85, −0.06] | 0.02 | 81% | 6 | −0.39 [−0.68, −0.11] | 0.007 | 64% |
| Telemedicine | ||||||||||||
| APP | 9 | −0.43 [−0.75, −0.10] | 0.001 | 83% | 4 | −0.72 [−0.92, −0.51] | <0.00001 | 44% | 4 | −0.54 [−0.74, −0.34] | <0.00001 | 0 |
| APP + Telephone | 4 | −0.46 [−0.86, −0.05] | 0.003 | 17% | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Telephone | 2 | −0.45 [−0.75, −0.15] | 0.003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| SMS | 2 | −0.14 [−0.42, 0.14] | 0.33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Sensor equipment | 3 | −0.12 [−0.74, 0.49] | 0.7 | 80% | 2 | 0.02 [−0.22, 0.26] | 0.88 | 3% | 2 | −0.17 [−0.77, 0.43] | 0.57 | 62% |
| Duration | ||||||||||||
| ≥6 months | 10 | −0.34 [−0.67, −0.01] | 0.04 | 88% | 4 | −0.47 [−1.00, 0.07] | 0.09 | 89% | 4 | −0.34 [−0.71, 0.02] | 0.07 | 76% |
| <6 months | 10 | −0.34 [−0.51, −0.16] | 0.0002 | 0% | 2 | −0.44 [−0.86, −0.02] | 0.04 | 0 | 2 | −0.55 [−0.97, −0.13] | 0.01 | 0 |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Asia | 10 | −0.47 [−0.73, −0.22] | 0.0003 | 73% | 3 | −0.80 [−1.02, −0.57] | <0.00001 | 0 | 3 | −0.58 [−0.80, −0.36] | <0.00001 | 0 |
| America | 6 | 0.26 [0.06, 0.47] | 0.01 | 17% | 2 | 0.02 [−0.22, 0.26] | 0.88 | 3% | 2 | −0.17 [−0.77, 0.43] | 0.57 | 62% |
| Australia | 2 | −0.16 [−0.39, 0.07] | 0.16 | 50% | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Europe | 1 | −0.68 [−1.26, −0.10] | 0.02 | NA | 1 | −0.20 [−0.77, 0.37] | 0.49 | NA | 1 | −0.26 [−0.83, 0.31] | 0.37 | NA |
| Africa | 1 | −0.63 [−1.15, −0.11] | 0.02 | NA | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Mean age | ||||||||||||
| ≥60 | 7 | −0.33 [−1.01, 0.35] | 0.34 | 90% | 4 | −0.47 [−1.00, 0.07] | 0.09 | 89% | 4 | −0.34 [−0.71, 0.02] | 0.07 | 76% |
| <60 | 13 | −0.24 [−0.36, −0.13] | 0.0001 | 33% | 2 | −0.44 [−0.86, −0.02] | 0.04 | 0 | 2 | −0.55 [−0.97, −0.13] | 0.01 | 0 |
HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval.