Table 2.
Subgroup analysis of self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes with telemedicine intervention.
| Subgroup | FPG | BMI | HDL | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | SMD [95%CI] | p-value | I 2 | Study | SMD [95%CI] | p- | I 2 | Study | SMD [95%CI] | p-value | I 2 | |
| Total | 5 | −0.08 [−0.48, 0.31] | 0.67 | 79% | 8 | −0.24 [−0.51, 0.03] | 0.08 | 71% | 5 | 0.27 [−0.00, 0.54] | 0.05 | 62% |
| Telemedicine | ||||||||||||
| APP | 2 | 0.18 [−0.75, 1.12] | 0.7 | 92% | 3 | −0.37 [−1.07, 0.32] | 0.29 | 87% | 2 | 0.57 [−0.38, 1.51] | 0.24 | 88% |
| APP + Telephone | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Telephone | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| SMS | 2 | −0.21 [−0.48, 0.07] | 0.15 | 0 | 2 | −0.11 [−0.39, 0.16] | 0.42 | 0% | 2 | 0.17 [−0.11, 0.44] | 0.24 | 0 |
| Sensor equipment | 1 | −0.43 [−0.93, 0.07] | 0.09 | NA | 3 | −0.07 [−0.29, 0.15] | 0.55 | 30% | 1 | 0.12 [−0.14, 0.38] | 0.37 | NA |
| Duration | ||||||||||||
| ≥6 months | 2 | 0.18 [−0.75, 1.12] | 0.07 | 92% | 3 | −0.33 [−1.00, 0.33] | 0.32 | 91% | 2 | 0.11 [−0.10, 0.32] | 0.28 | 0 |
| <6 months | 3 | −0.26 [−0.50, −0.02] | 0.04 | 0 | 5 | −0.16 [−0.37, 0.05] | 0.13 | 0 | 3 | 0.44 [−0.09, 0.96] | 0.1 | 77% |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Asia | 5 | −0.08 [−0.48, 0.31] | 0.67 | 79% | 5 | −0.34 [−0.73, 0.06] | 0.09 | 76% | 4 | 0.34 [−0.04, 0.71] | 0.08 | 69% |
| America | 0 | 3 | −0.01 [−0.22, 0.20] | 0.93 | 0 | 1 | 0.12 [−0.14, 0.38] | 0.37 | NA | |||
| Australia | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Europe | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Africa | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Mean age | ||||||||||||
| ≥60 | 1 | 0.66 [0.29, 1.03] | 0.0004 | NA | 2 | −0.48 [−1.55, 0.58] | 0.38 | 95% | 2 | 0.11 [−0.10, 0.32] | 0.28 | 0 |
| <60 | 4 | −0.27 [−0.47, −0.07] | 0.009 | 0 | 6 | −0.14 [−0.32, 0.05] | 0.15 | 0 | 3 | 0.44 [−0.09, 0.96] | 0.1 | 77% |
FPG, fasting blood glucose; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval.