Table 4.
Validity and reliability and application (information extracted from each article included the classification of the study).
| Author | Year | Location | IrRLa | Classification | Participants and gender, n | Age (years) | Metric(s) |
| Alcantara et al [28] | 2021 | Force-measuring treadmill (laboratory) | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Validity (atb) | 37 | Mean 20 (SD 2) years | Quantified accuracy of applying quantile regression forest and linear regression models to sacral-mounted accelerometer data to predict peak vertical ground reaction force, vertical impulse, and ground contact time across a range of running speeds. |
| Whitney et al [27] | 2022 | Treadmill (laboratory) | IrRL2: Development (building on established causal relationship) | Case-control (at) | 81 runners (63 runners without SIJc pain and 18 runners with SIJ pain) | Mean 27.3 (SD 12.9) years for runners without and 23.8 (SD 10.5) years for runners with SIJ pain | In midstance, runners with SIJ pain had greater contralateral pelvic drop compared with controls. For unilateral SIJ pain cases (n=15), greater contralateral pelvic drop was observed when loading the affected side compared with the unaffected side. Female runners with SIJ pain demonstrated greater contralateral pelvic drop during the midstance phase, along with less knee flexion, greater “tibial overstride,” and greater ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact compared with controls. |
| Höfer and Siemsen [29] | 2008 | Treadmill (laboratory) | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Application (at) (proof of concept) | 3 male participants | N/Ad | The pressure between the sensor contact area and the lumbar region was measured with force sensitive resistor sensors. |
| Amorosa et al [30] | 2014 | N/A | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Review | 1 female participant | 24 years | Report on a second case of an isolated stress fracture of the iliac wing in a female marathon runner and the associated diagnosis of the female athlete triad. |
| Ueberschär et al [26] | 2019 | Treadmill (laboratory) | IrRL2: Development (building on established causal relationship) | Experimental (pree) | 45 healthy junior-elite long-distance runners | N/A | The mean peak tibial accelerations in junior-elite long-distance runners ranged between 14 (SD 3) and 16 (SD 3) g (g≈9.81 m s−1) for running speeds of 14–16 km h–1. The corresponding mean peak sacral and scapular accelerations amounted to 4 (SD 1) to 5 (SD 1) g (32%, SD 8% of tibial load) and 4 (SD 1) g (mean 27%, SD 6%), respectively. |
| Liu et al [31] | 2021 | N/A | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Review | N/A | N/A | Daily monitoring of basic health data by wearable devices helps physicians in detecting the health problem. However, most current wearable sensors are not accurate enough for clinical evidence. |
| Banos et al [32] | 2015 | Laboratory | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Application (proof of concept/case report) | 1 male participant | N/A | A novel mobile health system to support trunk endurance assessment. The system uses a wearable inertial sensor to track the patient’s trunk posture, while portable electromyography sensors were used to seamlessly measure the electrical activity produced by the trunk muscle. |
| Falowski et al [33] | 2020 | N/A | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Review | N/A | N/A | A review and algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of sacroiliac joint pain. |
| Zadeh et al [34] | 2021 | Laboratory | IrRL2: Development (building on established causal relationship) | Application (at) (proof of concept) | 55 (39 male and 16 female participants) | 21.1 (SD 3.84) years for male and 20.1 (SD 1.18) years for female participants | Proof of concept that wearable technology has the potential to predict injury in sports. |
| Porciuncula et al [35] | 2018 | N/A | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Review | N/A | N/A | Wearable movement sensors for rehabilitation: a focused review of technological and clinical advances. |
| Lorussi et al [36] | 2018 | Field based | IrRL3: Deployment | Application (at) (proof of concept) | N/A | N/A | A wearable system for remote monitoring of the treatments of musculoskeletal disorder. |
| Shen et al [24] | 2021 | N/A | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Review | N/A | N/A | Digital technology–based telemedicine for the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| Nascimento et al [37] | 2020 | N/A | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Review | N/A | N/A | Sensors and systems for physical rehabilitation and health monitoring. |
| Channa et al [25] | 2021 | N/A | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Review | N/A | N/A | The rise of wearable devices during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. |
| Rahlf et al [38] | 2022 | N/A | IrRL1: Research (exploring causal relationship) | Application (at) (proof of concept) | N/A | N/A | Proof of concept using runners who run at least 20 km. A prospective longitudinal cohort study using statistical analysis of the data was performed using machine learning methods. |
aIrRL: Injury-research Readiness Level.
bAn at/post classification: if the scope was to identify and characterize SIJ injury factors, diagnosis, or underlying mechanisms; or track SIJ injury occurrences in endurance runners.
cSIJ: sacroiliac joint.
dN/A: not applicable.
ePre: pre-SIJ dysfunction (ie, before the SIJ injury).