Table 1.
Risk factors for oropharyngeal gonorrhea among female sex workers recruited from 2 sexual health clinics in Australia (N=664).
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Cases (n=83), n (%) | Controls (n=581), n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | aORb (95% CI) | P value for aOR | |||||||
| Site | ||||||||||||
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MSHCc | 23 (27.7) | 363 (62.5) | Reference | Reference | —d | ||||||
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SSHCe | 60 (72.3) | 218 (37.5) | 4.3 (2.6-7.2)f | 3.1 (1.5-6.2) | .001 | ||||||
| Gender identity | ||||||||||||
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Female | 79 (95.2) | 531 (91.4) | Reference | — | — | ||||||
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Transgender and gender diverse | 4 (4.8) | 50 (8.6) | 0.5 (0.2-1.5) | — | — | ||||||
| Age (y) | ||||||||||||
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≤24 | 8 (9.6) | 121 (20.8) | Reference | Reference | — | ||||||
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25-34 | 43 (51.8) | 289 (49.7) | 2.3 (1.0-4.9)f | 1.2 (0.5-2.9) | .70 | ||||||
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≥35 | 32 (38.6) | 171 (29.4) | 2.8 (1.3-6.4)f | 1.1 (0.4-2.8) | .85 | ||||||
| Newly arrived in Australia (within 3 years) | ||||||||||||
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No | 34 (41) | 370 (63.7) | Reference | Reference | — | ||||||
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Yes | 49 (59) | 211 (36.3) | 2.5 (1.6-4.0)f | 1.2 (0.6-2.1) | .63 | ||||||
| Smoke daily | ||||||||||||
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No | 60 (72.3) | 427 (73.5) | Reference | — | — | ||||||
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Yes | 20 (24.1) | 141 (24.3) | 1.0 (0.6-1.7) | — | — | ||||||
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Declined to report | 3 (3.6) | 13 (2.2) | 1.6 (0.5-5.9) | — | — | ||||||
| Use mouthwashg | ||||||||||||
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Infrequently | 10 (12) | 122 (21) | Reference | Reference | — | ||||||
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Frequently | 69 (83.1) | 452 (77.8) | 1.9 (0.9-3.7)f | 1.0 (0.5-2.2) | .97 | ||||||
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Did not disclose | 4 (4.8) | 7 (1.2) | 7.0 (1.7-27.9)f | 11.2 (2.2-57.2) | .004 | ||||||
| Type (venue) of sex work | ||||||||||||
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Brothel only | 47 (56.6) | 289 (49.7) | Reference | — | — | ||||||
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Massage parlor only | 12 (14.5) | 139 (23.9) | 0.5 (0.3-1.0)f | 0.2 (0.1-0.5) | <.001 | ||||||
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Multiple or other venues | 24 (28.9) | 150 (25.8) | 1.0 (0.6-1.7) | 1.0 (0.6-1.9) | .90 | ||||||
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Declined to report | 0 (0) | 3 (0.5) | — | — | — | ||||||
| Sexual practices with clients | ||||||||||||
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Tongue kiss male clientsh | |||||||||||
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No | 9 (10.8) | 146 (25.1) | Reference | Reference | — | |||||
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Yes | 51 (61.4) | 348 (59.9) | 2.4 (1.1-5.0)f | 1.5 (0.7-3.5) | .30 | |||||
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Declined to report | 23 (27.7) | 87 (15) | 4.3 (1.9-9.7)a | 3.3 (1.2-9.4) | .02 | |||||
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Perform condomless fellatio on male clientsh | |||||||||||
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No | 17 (20.5) | 346 (59.6) | Reference | Reference | — | |||||
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Yes | 48 (57.8) | 144 (24.8) | 6.8 (3.8-12.2)f | 3.6 (1.7-7.7) | .001 | |||||
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Declined to report | 18 (21.7) | 91 (15.7) | 4.0 (2.0-8.1)f | 1.1 (0.8-6.0) | .14 | |||||
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Client ejaculated in mouthh | |||||||||||
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No | 43 (51.8) | 440 (75.7) | Reference | Reference | — | |||||
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Yes | 25 (30.1) | 56 (9.6) | 4.6 (2.6-8.0)f | 1.4 (0.7-2.9) | .32 | |||||
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Declined to report | 15 (18.1) | 85 (14.6) | 1.8 (1.0-3.4)f | 0.6 (0.3-1.5) | .30 | |||||
| Sexual practices with not-at-work sexual partners | ||||||||||||
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Tongue kiss noncommercial sexual partneri | |||||||||||
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Noj | 48 (57.8) | 341 (58.7) | Reference | Reference | — | |||||
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Yes | 20 (24.1) | 182 (31.3) | 0.8 (0.4-1.4) | 1.4 (0.7-2.7) | .30 | |||||
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Declined to report | 15 (18.1) | 58 (10) | 1.8 (1.0-3.5)f | 1.6 (0.5-5.4) | .47 | |||||
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Performed condomless fellatio on not-at-work sexual partneri | |||||||||||
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Noj | 57 (68.7) | 397 (68.3) | Reference | — | — | |||||
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Yes | 8 (9.6) | 104 (17.9) | 0.5 (0.2-1.2) | — | — | |||||
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Declined to report | 18 (21.7) | 80 (13.8) | 1.6 (0.9-2.8) | — | — | |||||
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Not-at-work sexual partner ejaculated in mouthi | |||||||||||
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Noj | 68 (81.9) | 453 (78) | Reference | Reference | — | |||||
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Yes | 1 (1.2) | 70 (12) | 0.1 (0.0-0.7)f | 0.1 (0.0-0.6) | .02 | |||||
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Declined to report | 14 (16.9) | 58 (10) | 1.6 (0.9-3.0) | 0.9 (0.3-3.1) | .88 | |||||
aOR: odds ratio.
baOR: adjusted odds ratio.
cMSHC: Melbourne Sexual Health Centre.
dNot applicable.
eSSHC: Sydney Sexual Health Centre.
fVariables with P values of <.10 in the univariable analyses were included in the multivariable analyses.
gInfrequent mouthwash use included those who selected never, yearly, or monthly. Frequent mouthwash use included those who selected daily or weekly.
hParticipants were asked to report any sex practices with male clients in an average working week.
iParticipants were asked to report sex practices with not-at-work male partners in the previous 7 days.
jIncludes 328 controls and 47 cases who did not have a noncommercial sex partner.