Table 3.
Maternal dietary intake (unadjusted by calories) stratified by the pre-pregnancy BMI (pBMI) (n 1456)
| Variable | pBMI | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UW (n 140) | NW (n 891) | OW (n 230) | OB (n 195) | P value† | P value‡ | P value§ | ||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | P for trend/P value* | UW v. OB | NW v. OB | OW v. OB | |
| Calories (kcal) | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 1905 | 1864 | 1842 | 1759 | 0·022 | 0·041 | 0·018 | 0·129 | ||||
| sd | 628 | 580 | 593 | 580 | ||||||||
| CHO (g) | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 238·3 | 233·4 | 225·7 | 211·6 | 0·002 | 0·003 | 0·001 | 0·115 | ||||
| sd | 83·6 | 82·1 | 86·3 | 76·5 | ||||||||
| Protein (g) | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 72·7 | 70·2 | 70·6 | 66·7 | 0·052 | 0·021 | 0·036 | 0·063 | ||||
| sd | 30·8 | 26·3 | 26·1 | 26·5 | ||||||||
| Fat (g) | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 75·5 | 74·3 | 75·2 | 73·8 | 0·711 | 0·682 | 0·437 | 0·346 | ||||
| sd | 34·6 | 31·6 | 31·8 | 35·7 | ||||||||
| CHO (%) | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 50·6 | 50·5 | 49·2 | 48·5 | 0·027 | 0·040 | 0·019 | 0·429 | ||||
| sd | 9·8 | 9·5 | 10·0 | 10·3 | ||||||||
| Protein (%) | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 15·4 | 15·2 | 15·5 | 15·3 | 0·815 | 0·592 | 0·875 | 0·685 | ||||
| sd | 3·8 | 3·7 | 3·8 | 3·9 | ||||||||
| Fat (%) | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 35·1 | 35·4 | 36·5 | 37·3 | 0·013 | 0·015 | 0·015 | 0·267 | ||||
| sd | 9·1 | 8·7 | 9·2 | 9·3 | ||||||||
| Dietary fibre (g)‖ | 13·9 | 9·1–19·8 | 13·6 | 9·4–19·7 | 12·2 | 7·6–17·8 | 11·4 | 8·3–16·3 | 0·011 | 0·014 | 0·001 | 0·478 |
| Dietary Fe (mg)‖ | 9·9 | 6·9–13·8 | 9·4 | 6·9–13·0 | 9·1 | 6·0–12·2 | 8·6 | 6·5–11·8 | 0·018 | 0·063 | 0·067 | 0·802 |
| Dietary folate (μg)‖ | 1·3 | 0·9–1·7 | 1·2 | 0·9–1·7 | 1·3 | 0·8–1·7 | 1·1 | 0·9–1·6 | 0·028 | 0·035 | 0·201 | 0·670 |
| Dietary vitamin B12 (μg)‖ | 3·1 | 1·7–7·2 | 2·9 | 1·8–5·1 | 2·9 | 1·7–5·9 | 2·9 | 1·7–5·1 | 0·859 | 0·363 | 0·868 | 0·605 |
| Under DRI for protein | 37 | 33·8 | 335 | 37·7 | 86 | 37·4 | 95 | 48·7 | 0·006 | 0·006 | 0·007 | 0·004 |
| Under DRI for Fe | 124 | 89·2 | 815 | 91·8 | 210 | 91·3 | 133 | 93·8 | 0·214 | 0·214 | 0·125 | 0·331 |
| Under DRI for folate | 130 | 93·5 | 854 | 96·2 | 222 | 96·5 | 188 | 96·4 | 0·312 | 0·312 | 0·224 | 0·874 |
| Under DRI for B12 | 61 | 43·9 | 395 | 44·5 | 100 | 43·5 | 81 | 41·5 | 0·529 | 0·529 | 0·669 | 0·453 |
| Reported use of prenatal dietary supplements | ||||||||||||
| Total supplement use | 115 | 82·1 | 752 | 85·8 | 196 | 85·2 | 150 | 78·1 | 0·098 | 0·368 | 0·007 | 0·059 |
| Multivitamins-minerals | 91 | 65·5 | 554 | 63·5 | 140 | 61·1 | 109 | 57·1 | 0·068 | 0·123 | 0·099 | 0·398 |
| Vitamin B | 23 | 16·9 | 161 | 18·5 | 41 | 18·1 | 32 | 16·7 | 0·764 | 0·953 | 0·545 | 0·692 |
| Folate | 62 | 45·3 | 407 | 46·6 | 108 | 48·0 | 81 | 42·4 | 0·575 | 0·608 | 0·296 | 0·254 |
| Fe | 15 | 11·0 | 90 | 10·3 | 31 | 13·7 | 16 | 8·4 | 0·81 | 0·42 | 0·419 | 0·086 |
UW, underweight; NW, normal weight; OW, overweight; OB, obese; CHO, carbohydrates; DRI, dietary recommended intake.
Continuous data are presented as the mean ± sd; categorical data are presented as number (percentage of same group).
UW, pBMI of <18·5 kg/m2; NW, pBMI of 18·5–23·9 kg/m2; OW, pBMI 24–26·9 of kg/m2; OB, pBMI of ≥27 kg/m2.
P for trend was analysed by a general linear model/one-way ANOVA for continuous variables, and the P value was analysed by chi-squared for categorical variables (P < 0·05).
P value (UW compared to OB).
P value (NW compared to OB).
P value (OW compared to OB).
Median (interquartile range) is given because of the skewed distribution of the variable.
The P value was analysed by the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables (P < 0·05).