Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted HR (95 % CI) for all-cause, cancer, CVD and other-cause mortality by sex according to the frequency of the intake of small fish
| Male | Female | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–3 times/month | 1–2 times/week | ≥ 3 times/week | 1–3 times/month | 1–2 times /week | ≥ 3 times/week | P for interaction between sex and intake|| | |||||||||||
| Rarely | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | P for trend | Rarely | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | P for trend | ||
| Participants, n | 5046 | 14 579 | 9890 | 5040 | 5599 | 17 562 | 13 746 | 9340 | |||||||||
| Person-years | 43 476 | 127 245 | 87 526 | 45 597 | 50 112 | 157 300 | 125 102 | 87 757 | |||||||||
| All causes | |||||||||||||||||
| Deaths, n | 255 | 587 | 469 | 307 | 129 | 264 | 258 | 213 | |||||||||
| Model 1* | 1·00 | 0·76 | 0·65, 0·88 | 0·76 | 0·65, 0·89 | 0·78 | 0·66, 0·92 | 0·030 | 1·00 | 0·64 | 0·51, 0·79 | 0·64 | 0·52, 0·80 | 0·62 | 0·50, 0·78 | 0·003 | |
| Model 2† | 1·00 | 0·79 | 0·68, 0·91 | 0·80 | 0·68, 0·93 | 0·83 | 0·70, 0·98 | 0·128 | 1·00 | 0·69 | 0·55, 0·85 | 0·71 | 0·57, 0·89 | 0·69 | 0·55, 0·86 | 0·023 | 0·238 |
| Model 3‡ | 1·00 | 0·81 | 0·69, 0·94 | 0·84 | 0·71, 0·99 | 0·87 | 0·73, 1·05 | 0·391 | 1·00 | 0·68 | 0·55, 0·85 | 0·72 | 0·57, 0·90 | 0·69 | 0·54, 0·88 | 0·041 | |
| Model 4§ | 1·00 | 0·82 | 0·70, 0·95 | 0·87 | 0·73, 1·03 | 0·95 | 0·78, 1·17 | 0·968 | 1·00 | 0·68 | 0·54, 0·84 | 0·72 | 0·57, 0·91 | 0·76 | 0·58, 1·00 | 0·253 | |
| Cancer | |||||||||||||||||
| Deaths, n | 141 | 380 | 286 | 181 | 72 | 169 | 153 | 113 | |||||||||
| Model 1* | 1·00 | 0·84 | 0·69, 1·02 | 0·80 | 0·65, 0·98 | 0·80 | 0·64, 1·01 | 0·074 | 1·00 | 0·70 | 0·53, 0·92 | 0·66 | 0·50, 0·88 | 0·60 | 0·44, 0·81 | 0·004 | |
| Model 2† | 1·00 | 0·86 | 0·71, 1·05 | 0·82 | 0·67, 1·01 | 0·83 | 0·66, 1·04 | 0·130 | 1·00 | 0·73 | 0·55, 0·96 | 0·71 | 0·53, 0·94 | 0·63 | 0·46, 0·86 | 0·011 | 0·167 |
| Model 3‡ | 1·00 | 0·86 | 0·71, 1·05 | 0·83 | 0·67, 1·03 | 0·83 | 0·66, 1·06 | 0·161 | 1·00 | 0·72 | 0·54, 0·96 | 0·71 | 0·53, 0·96 | 0·64 | 0·46, 0·89 | 0·027 | |
| Model 4§ | 1·00 | 0·89 | 0·73, 1·09 | 0·88 | 0·70, 1·10 | 0·90 | 0·69, 1·18 | 0·493 | 1·00 | 0·70 | 0·53, 0·94 | 0·70 | 0·51, 0·95 | 0·69 | 0·48, 0·98 | 0·107 | |
| CVD | |||||||||||||||||
| Deaths, n | 38 | 67 | 59 | 40 | 20 | 41 | 39 | 36 | |||||||||
| Model 1* | 1·00 | 0·62 | 0·42, 0·93 | 0·68 | 0·45, 1·03 | 0·72 | 0·46, 1·14 | 0·374 | 1·00 | 0·74 | 0·43, 1·27 | 0·67 | 0·39, 1·17 | 0·68 | 0·39, 1·19 | 0·236 | |
| Model 2† | 1·00 | 0·67 | 0·45, 1·00 | 0·75 | 0·50, 1·14 | 0·82 | 0·52, 1·30 | 0·718 | 1·00 | 0·84 | 0·49, 1·44 | 0·80 | 0·46, 1·39 | 0·79 | 0·45, 1·39 | 0·463 | 0·867 |
| Model 3‡ | 1·00 | 0·71 | 0·47, 1·07 | 0·87 | 0·56, 1·34 | 0·97 | 0·59, 1·59 | 0·744 | 1·00 | 0·81 | 0·46, 1·40 | 0·78 | 0·44, 1·37 | 0·78 | 0·43, 1·42 | 0·486 | |
| Model 4§ | 1·00 | 0·71 | 0·47, 1·08 | 0·89 | 0·56, 1·40 | 1·11 | 0·63, 1·93 | 0·504 | 1·00 | 0·76 | 0·44, 1·33 | 0·75 | 0·42, 1·34 | 0·87 | 0·45, 1·68 | 0·785 | |
| Other causes | |||||||||||||||||
| Deaths, n | 76 | 140 | 124 | 86 | 37 | 54 | 66 | 64 | |||||||||
| Model 1* | 1·00 | 0·66 | 0·50, 0·88 | 0·74 | 0·55, 0·98 | 0·77 | 0·56, 1·06 | 0·387 | 1·00 | 0·47 | 0·31, 0·72 | 0·59 | 0·39, 0·88 | 0·64 | 0·42, 0·97 | 0·484 | |
| Model 2† | 1·00 | 0·71 | 0·54, 0·94 | 0·80 | 0·60, 1·07 | 0·85 | 0·62, 1·16 | 0·721 | 1·00 | 0·52 | 0·34, 0·80 | 0·69 | 0·46, 1·04 | 0·75 | 0·49, 1·14 | 0·950 | 0·905 |
| Model 3‡ | 1·00 | 0·74 | 0·56, 0·99 | 0·87 | 0·65, 1·18 | 0·95 | 0·67, 1·33 | 0·776 | 1·00 | 0·53 | 0·34, 0·81 | 0·70 | 0·46, 1·08 | 0·75 | 0·47, 1·19 | 0·925 | |
| Model 4§ | 1·00 | 0·73 | 0·55, 0·98 | 0·87 | 0·63, 1·19 | 1·03 | 0·70, 1·51 | 0·588 | 1·00 | 0·55 | 0·36, 0·85 | 0·76 | 0·48, 1·18 | 0·87 | 0·52, 1·44 | 0·759 | |
CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; JDI, Japanese diet index.
Adjusted for age and study area.
In males, values are adjusted for covariates in Model 1 plus BMI; smoking habit; alcohol consumption; education level; leisure-time physical activity; and self-reported medical history of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia.
In females, values are adjusted for covariates in Model 1 plus BMI; smoking habit; alcohol consumption; education level; leisure-time physical activity; self-reported medical history of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia; age at menarche; number of births; and menopausal status.
Adjusted for covariates in Model 2 plus total energy intake; energy-adjusted intakes of green and yellow vegetables, light-coloured vegetables, fruit, meat, rice, Na and dietary fibre; and JDI score.
Adjusted for covariates in Model 3 plus energy-adjusted intakes of n-3 HUFA, Ca, vitamin D, retinol and carotene.
Adjusted for sex; age; study area; BMI; smoking habit; alcohol consumption; education level; leisure-time physical activity; self-reported medical history of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia; total energy intake; energy-adjusted intakes of green and yellow vegetables, light-coloured vegetables, fruit, meat, rice, Na and dietary fibre; JDI score; and cross-product term (i.e. sex (dichotomous) × category of small fish consumed (continuous)), representing the interaction.