Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author | NOS | Publication year | Type | N | Mean age | Diagnosis | Surgery type | Fusion level | Graft type | F/U time(mo.) | Pseudarthrosis criteria | Risk factors | Odds ratio | 95%CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bydon et al. [13] | 7 | 2014 | R | 327 | 59.79 |
Spinal stenosis Spondylolisthesis |
PLF | 1–4 |
BMP Local IBG Allograft |
12 |
absence of bridging bone in CT > 3o motion on F/E film radiolucent bone around screw site in CT |
Durotomy | 2.23 | 1.05–4.75 |
| Bydon et al. [14] | 7 | 2014 | R |
141 140 |
58.91 |
Spinal stenosis Spondylolisthesis |
PLF |
2 1 |
BMP Local IBG Allograft |
12 |
absence of bridging bone in CT > 3o motion on F/E film radiolucent bone around screw site in CT |
Smoking Smoking |
3.97 0.84 |
1.26–12.51 0.17–4.13 |
| Fujibayashi et al. [15] | 7 | 2012 | R | 76 | 62.6 |
Spinal stenosis Spondylolisthesis |
TLIF | - |
Local IBG |
25 |
absence of bridging bone in CT > 3o motion on F/E film radiolucent bone around screw site in CT |
Bone cyst Multioperation back Age Female Comorbid |
166 12.4 1.1 2.4 3.1 |
22.4-inf 1.8–133 0.96–1.2 0.27–36.2 0.16–65.1 |
| Hollern et al. [10] | 6 | 2019 | P | 416 | 57.1 | SSI following spinal fusion | All | - | All | 24 | - |
Numbers of level fuse BMI |
1.36 1.08 |
1.15–1.54 1.02–1.15 |
| Inose et al. [16] | 8 | 2017 | R | 74 | 70.4 | Spinal stenosis |
TLIF PLF |
1–2 | All | 12 |
absence of bridging bone in CT radiolucent bone around screw site in CT |
P1NP TRACP-5b Albumin |
0.83 1.02 0.03 |
0.72-.09 1.006–1.03 0.001–0.38 |
| Jung et al. [17] | 7 | 2021 | R | 152 | 64.4 |
Spinal stenosis Spondylolisthesis |
LLIF | 1–4 | Cancellous allograft | 24 |
> 3o motion on F/E film absence of bridging bone in CT |
DM Smoking Fusion > 3 levels |
2.82 6.50 2.53 |
1.31–6.08 1.68–25.17 1.09–5.87 |
| Konomi et al. [18] | 6 | 2020 | R | 78 | 66 |
Spinal stenosis Spondylolisthesis ASD |
PLIF TLIF CBT-PLIF |
1–2 | Local | 12 |
> 3o motion on F/E film radiolucent bone around screw site in CT visible gap between endplate and cage on CT |
Age > 75 Female J. surgeon Numbers of level fuse Bone cyst Cage subsidence Retropulsion CBT-PLIF |
4.67 0.85 0.54 1.95 2.84 0.93 3.76 1.54 |
1.18–18.40 0.27–2.67 0.14–2.06 0.36–10.60 0.89–9.06 0.29–2.99 0.74–19.10 0.42–5.57 |
| 24 |
Female Age > 75 J. surgeon Numbers of level fuse Bone cyst Cage subsidence Retropulsion CBT-PLIF |
0.91 2.47 8.33 0.92 4.09 1.57 1.86 4.98 |
0.16–5.17 0.37–16.40 0.69–101 0.05–16.10 0.76–22.10 0.27–9.05 0.25–14.10 0.78–31.70 |
|||||||||||
| Lin et al. [21] | 8 | 2019 | R | 67 | 67.9 | Degenerative lumbar disease |
OLIF TLIF |
1–3 |
DBM HA |
24 | Grade 3–4 Modified Bridwell fusion criteria | Cage subsidence | 17.24 | 1.67–178.09 |
| Macki et al. [20] | 7 | 2017 | R | 110 | 53.9 | Degenerative lumbar disease | PLF | 1–4 | BMP | 24 | - |
Smoking Age Numbers of level fuse |
4.75 1.05 1.29 |
1.48–15.24 1.00–1.10 0.78–2.15 |
| Otsuki et al. [12] | 5 | 2021 | CC | 85 | 72.1 | Degenerative lumbar disease | TLIF | 1 | Local | 12 |
> 3o motion on F/E film radiolucent bone around screw site in CT visible gap between endplate and cage on CT existence of an air intensity area inside interbody space |
Age Mean of filling index Smoking BMD Cage type Mean of each maximum pedicle screw diameter |
1.1 1.1 1.1 1 1.1 0.67 |
1.0–1.3 1.0–1.2 0.24–4.7 0.98–1.0 0.2–6.6 0.17–2.6 |
| Satake et al. [19] | 6 | 2018 | R | 63 | 69.8 |
Spinal stenosis Spondylolisthesis |
LLIF | 1–3 | Cancellous allograft | 24 | no bone bridge formation connecting 2 vertebrae or between facing facet joint |
Percutaneous pedicle screws usage BMI |
3.14 0.88 |
1.13–8.68 0.76–1.01 |
| Suda et al. [11] | 7 | 2006 | P | 101 | - | Isthmic spondylolisthesis | PLF | 1–3 | IBG | 60 |
thin fusion mass > 3° motion on F/E film |
Pre-op slip angle Pre-op %disc height |
1.16 1.14 |
1.01–1.34 1.04–1.24 |