Table 3.

Main characteristics of taiji treatments

Study ID	Taiji style	Treatment frequency	Treatment aim
Chan 2018 [23]	24-form Yang Style taiji	60 min group sessions twice weekly for 3 months; and 30 min home practice per day on ≥ 5 days per week	To investigate the effects of taiji on cardiovascular risk factors and psychosocial well-being in adults with hypertension
Fransen 2007 [22]	24-form Sun Style taiji	60 min group sessions twice weekly for 12 weeks, and home practice (not monitored)	To investigate the clinical benefits of taiji for individuals with chronic symptomatic hip or knee osteoarthritis
Ho 2016 [21]	Chen-form Wu-style taiji (1st°segment)	60 min group sessions each week for 3 months; and twice-weekly a 45-min practice session	To elucidate the benefits of taiji, such as attainment of mental tranquility and relaxation, in patients with chronic schizophrenia
Lauche 2016 [20]	Yang style taiji (13 forms from Mantak Chia)	75–90-min group session once weekly for 12 weeks	To test the efficacy of taiji for treating chronic neck pain
Liu 2015 [19]	Adapted Kaimai style taiji	60–90 min group sessions 3 times per week for 24 weeks; and home practice 4 times per week	To examine the effects of taiji on depression, anxiety, and stress in centrally obese people with elevated depression symptoms
Nedeljkovic 2013 [18]	First 18 sequences of 37°Chen Man-Ch’ing Yang-Style taiji, short form	60 min group sessions twice per week for 12 weeks	To examine the effects of taiji on perceived stress and general self-efficacy in healthy participants
Palumbo 2012 [17]	Simplified Yang style taiji	45-min group session once a week for 15 weeks; and 10-min home-practice on ≥ 4 days per week	To improve health and well-being, physical functions, work limitations, stress, and work productivity in older nurses
Solianik 2021 [16]	8-form Yang Style taiji	60 min group sessions twice per week for 10 weeks	To determine the effects of taiji on psychoemotional state, cognition, and motor learning in physically inactive adults (≥ 60 y.)
Zhang 2018 [15]	Simplified 24°short-form taiji combined with mindfulness skills	90 min group sessions twice weekly for 8 weeks	To evaluate the effect of taiji on depression and mindfulness in adolescents with subthreshold depression
Zheng 2015 [14]	Simplified 24°forms of taiji	60 min group sessions, five days per week for 12 weeks	To investigate the effectiveness and safety of taiji on physical and psychological health of college students
Zheng 2018 [13]	Simplified 24°forms of taiji	2 h of supervised taiji per week for 6 weeks, followed by home practice for 6 weeks	To determine whether 12 weeks of taiji reduce anxiety in healthy but stressed people