Table 2.

Surgical solutions for facial ageing

Skin layer	Appearance	Surgical solution
Dermis
Problem:
Thinning and loss of elasticity	Superficial wrinkles	Resurfacing: chemical,  mechanical, laser
Irreversible stretching	Creases, nasolabial folds, eyelid  bags, submandibular skin excess	Excision: face lift surgery
Subdermis
Problem:
Progressive hypotrophy	Cheek hollow, lip thinning,  nasolabial folds	Augmentation: autologous fat  transfer, biodegradable  substitutes, non-degradable  materials
Gravitational descent	Sagging eyebrows, malar bags,  nasolabial folds, jowls, platysma  descent, witches’ chin	Repositioning: face lift surgery