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. 2024 May 31;19:5095–5108. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S465548

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© 2024 Zhang et al.

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Summary of the classification and design of spermbots. (A) The main structure of mature sperm cell. (B) The structural design of sperm cell based spermbots. (C) The structural design of sperm-like nanorobots. Note that the cyborg sperm based on piezoelectric system is still in the conceptual design stage. (D) Summary of the current designed applications of spermbots.