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. 2024 May 31;19:5095–5108. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S465548

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© 2024 Zhang et al.

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Fertilization related journey, conditions and the corresponding solutions of spermbots. The journey of sperm cells from production to fertilization includes five main processes: spermatogenesis for sperm production, sperm maturation to obtain basic motility, semen ejaculation, sperm travel in the female genital tract, and the final fertilization at the isthmus of fallopian tube. Correspondingly, the related conditions, diseases and spermbots based solutions are also listed at the bottom of the schematic diagram. The red star labels indicate potential new directions for the applications of spermbots.