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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Mar 18.
Published in final edited form as: Traffic Inj Prev. 2024 Mar 18;25(4):594–603. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2024.2327827

Table 2.

Self-reported Driving Patterns of people who use kratom

Use-frequency Cluster
Driving Characteristics A (N=39) B (N=60) C (N=65) D (N=72) E (N=73)

Have License n, % 35 (89.7%) 59 (98.3%) 64 (98.5%) 71 (98.6%) 68 (93.2%)
Years Driving Mean (SD) 26.9 (12.6) 21.0 (10.0) 22.8 (12.6) 19.2 (11.0)* 19.2 (12.3)*
Average Driving Miles Per Week Mean (SD) 152.0 (162.0) 144.2 (189.7) 182.0 (190.8) 138.9 (162.0) 132.3 (138.9)
Lifetime Number of Driving Tickets Mean (SD) 2.2 (1.7) 2.6 (3.2) 2.3 (2.2) 1.6 (1.5) 1.9 (2.8)
Lifetime Number of Car Accidents Mean (SD) 1.5 (1.6) 1.2 (1.2) 1.5 (1.6) 1.3 (1.5) 1.4 (1.8)
Ever driving under the influence of Kratom n, % 36 (92.3%) 59 (98.3%) 61 (93.9%) 65 (90.3%) 63 (86.3%)
Confidence to drive under the influence of kratom (0-100) Mean (SD) 97.9 (7.1) 98.5 (4.4) 96.8 (8.9) 96.8 (9.7) 98.0 (8.1)
Ever driving under the influence of alcohol n, % 22 (56.4%) 35 (58.3%) 35 (53.9%) 32 (44.4%) 40 (54.8%)
Past year driving under the influence of alcohol (Days) Mean (SD) 0 (0)# 0.1 (0.5)# 0.8 (2.1) 1.5 (7.1) 3.4 (9.9)
Ever driving under the influence of cannabis n, % 10 (25.6%) 16 (26.7%) 21 (32.3%) 15 (20.8%) 14 (19.2%)
Past year driving under the influence of cannabis (Days) Mean (SD) 24.7 (78.7) 27.6 (78.1) 62.8 (127.8) 50.1 (107.7) 32.3 (84.4)

Note: SD = Standard Deviation; n = sample size; % = percentage.

*

indicates a significant difference from Cluster A (p < 0.05).

#

indicates a significant difference from Cluster E (p < 0.05)