Table 1. Characteristics of households and children and adolescents living with HIV and receiving care in a rural hospital in Macha, Zambia, overall and by level of food insecurity.
| Overall (n = 182) |
Food secure or mildly food insecure (n = 53) |
Moderately or severely food insecure (n = 129) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Socioeconomic status, n (%) a,b | 0.007 | |||
| Quartile 1 (lowest) | 103 (57.2) | 21 (40.4) | 82 (64.1) | |
| Quartile 2 | 59 (32.8) | 23 (44.2) | 36 (28.1) | |
| Quartile 3 | 16 (8.9) | 6 (11.5) | 10 (7.8) | |
| Quartile 4 (highest) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (3.9) | 0 | |
| Caregiver’s highest level of education, n (%) a | 0.01 | |||
| None/primary | 103 (71.4) | 23 (44.2) | 80 (62.5) | |
| Secondary | 50 (27.8) | 15 (28.9) | 35 (27.3) | |
| College/Certificate | 27 (15.0) | 14 (26.9) | 13 (10.2) | |
| Age in years, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 13.7 (10.5, 17.7) | 15.5 (11.1, 19.1) | 13.4 (10.1 16.6) | 0.17 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.80 | |||
| Male | 92 (50.5) | 26 (49.1) | 66 (51.2) | |
| Female | 90 (49.5) | 27 (50.9) | 63 (48.8) | |
| Parent’s vital status, n (%) | 0.49 | |||
| Both alive | 130 (71.4) | 35 (66.0) | 95 (73.6) | |
| One parent died | 40 (22.0) | 13 (24.) | 27 (20.9) | |
| Both died | 12 (6.6) | 5 (9.4) | 7 (5.4) | |
| Nutritional, immunologic, virologic and treatment characteristics | ||||
| Underweight / thin, n (%) c | 21 (14.3) | 4 (10.0) | 17 (15.9) | 0.36 |
| Time on ART in years, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 9.0 (6.8, 11.5) | 9.7 (6.9, 12.1) | 8.8 (6.8, 11.3) | 0.27 |
| CD4+ T-cell count in cells/mm3, median (25th, 75th percentiles) d | 803 (615, 1078) | 736 (548, 1060) | 818 (622, 1093) | 0.57 |
| CD4+ T-cell <500 cells/mm3, n (%) d | 17 (14.7) | 6 (18.8) | 11 (13.1) | 0.44 |
| HIV viral load <50 copies/mL, n (%) e | 118 (80.3) | 37 (84.1) | 81 (78.6) | 0.45 |
| HIV viral load <1000 copies/mL, n (%) e | 138 (93.9) | 42 (95.5) | 96 (93.2) | 0.60 |
| Adherence ≤95%, n (%) f | 35 (27.8) | 10 (24.4) | 25 (29.4) | 0.56 |
| ART regimen, n (%) | 0.29 | |||
| ABC/3TC/DTG | 20 (11.0) | 4 (7.6) | 16 (12.4) | |
| ABC/3TC/EFV | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | |
| ABC/3TC/LPVR | 18 (9.9) | 8 (15.1) | 10 (7.8) | |
| AZT/3TC/DTG | 2 (1.1) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (0.8) | |
| AZT/3TC/LPVR | 16 (8.8) | 2 (3.8) | 14 (10.9) | |
| TAF/FTC/DTG | 34 (18.7) | 9 (17.0) | 25 (19.4) | |
| TDF/3TC/DTG | 81 (44.5) | 24 (45.3) | 57 (44.2) | |
| TDF/3TC/EFV | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.9) | 0 | |
| TDF/FTC/DTG | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | |
| TDF/FTC/EFV | 7 (3.9) | 4 (7.6) | 3 (2.3) | |
| TDF/FTC/LPVR | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | |
3TC: lamivudine; ABC: abacavir; ART: antiretroviral therapy; AZT: zidovudine; DTG: dolutegravir; EFV: efavirenz; FTC: emtricitabine; LPVR: lopinovir/ritonavir; TAF: tenofovir alafenamide; TDF: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
a Measured at enrollment into the cohort; all other characteristics measured at study visit where HFIAS and HWISE modules were administered [median = 10.2 years (25th, 75th percentiles: 6.9, 12.0) after enrollment]
b Based on socioeconomic status scale derived from data on housing characteristics, drinking water source, energy used for cooking, and asset ownership [20]; grouped into quartiles corresponding to scores of 0–6 (quartile 1; lowest), 7–12 (quartile 2), 13–18 (quartile 3), and 19–24 (quartile 4; highest)
c Underweight defined by weight-for-age Z score <-2 for children <5 years of age; thin defined by body mass index-for-age Z score <-2 for children and adolescents ≥5 years of age
d CD4 only available for 116 participants (63.7%); closest measure within 12 months prior the study visit was used [median = 182 days (25th, 75th percentiles: 0, 266) from measurement to study visit]
e HIV viral load only available for 147 participants (80.8%); closest measure within 12 months prior the study visit was used [median = 84 days (25th, 75th percentiles: 0, 182) from measurement to study visit]
f Adherence only available for 126 participants (69.2%); measured by pill count and defined based on the lowest measure for all drugs counted at the study visit