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Electrical characterization of GelMA/PEDOT:PSS hydrogels. (a) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of hydrogels containing various concentrations of PEDOT:PSS. (b) Schematic showing setup for ex vivo abdominal tissue stimulation. (c) Excitation threshold voltage (Vth) required to stimulate severed pieces of abdominal tissue from Wistar rats, connected by hydrogels containing 7% GelMA with various concentrations of PEDOT:PSS (* = p < 0.05).
