Table. Characteristics of Participants by Change in Non–HDL-C Status Between Childhood and Adulthood.
| Characteristics | Non–HDL-C status between childhood and adulthooda | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resolution (n = 937) | Persistent dyslipidemia (n = 252) | Incident dyslipidemia (n = 158) | Persistently in guideline-recommended range (n = 3774) | |
| Age at first visit for non–HDL-C measurement, median (IQR), y | 9.7 (6.4-15.1) | 12.1 (7.2-15.4) | 9.9 (6.8-12.7) | 10.5 (7.5-13.5) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||
| Female | 636 (67.9) | 99 (39.3) | 57 (36.1) | 2271 (60.2) |
| Male | 301 (32.1) | 153 (60.7) | 101 (63.9) | 1503 (39.8) |
| Race, No. (%)b | ||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (0.1) |
| Black or African American | 37 (4.0) | 15 (6.0) | 18 (11.4) | 702 (18.6) |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.03) |
| White | 899 (95.9) | 236 (93.6) | 139 (88.0) | 3053 (80.9) |
| More than 1 race | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.6) | 15 (0.4) |
| Cohort (country), No. (%) | ||||
| Bogalusa Heart Study (US) | 59 (6.3) | 30 (11.9) | 79 (50.0) | 1605 (42.5) |
| Minnesota Childhood Cardiovascular Cohorts (US) | 5 (0.5) | 0 | 3 (1.9) | 86 (2.3) |
| Muscatine Study (US) | 6 (0.6) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (1.3) | 85 (2.3) |
| NHLBI Growth and Health Study (US) | 19 (2.0) | 3 (1.2) | 4 (2.5) | 230 (6.1) |
| Princeton Lipid Research Study (US) | 31 (3.3) | 18 (7.1) | 13 (8.2) | 190 (5.0) |
| Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (Finland) | 817 (87.2) | 200 (79.4) | 57 (36.1) | 1578 (41.8) |
| Childhood participant characteristics | ||||
| Mean age at childhood visits, median (IQR), yc | 12.6 (9.5-15.8) | 14.0 (10.9-16.8) | 12.8 (10.9-15.4) | 13.7 (11.3-15.7) |
| Mean calendar year of childhood visits, median (IQR)c | 1983.0 (1980.0-1983.0) | 1981.5 (1980.0-1983.0) | 1979.3 (1976.0-1983.0) | 1980.0 (1976.5-1983.0) |
| Parental education level, No. (%) | n = 867 | n = 230 | n = 136 | n = 3188 |
| Less than high school diploma | 521 (60.1) | 127 (55.2) | 31 (22.8) | 1060 (33.3) |
| High school diploma | 43 (5.0) | 25 (10.9) | 38 (27.9) | 673 (21.1) |
| Higher than high school diploma but no college degree | 199 (22.9) | 52 (22.6) | 35 (25.8) | 776 (24.3) |
| Bachelor-level college degree or higher | 104 (12.0) | 26 (11.3) | 32 (23.5) | 679 (21.3) |
| Cigarette smoking, No. (%) | 246 (36.9) | 111 (44.1) | 70 (44.3) | 1615 (42.8) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)d | 18.1 (3.6) | 19.1 (3.7) | 17.7 (3.3) | 17.9 (3.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 112 (13) | 114 (14) | 106 (12) | 106 (12) |
| Non–HDL-C, mean (SD), mg/dLe | 165.6 (18.3) | 181.5 (28.6) | 124.2 (17.8) | 107.1 (21.9) |
| Adulthood participant characteristics | ||||
| Mean age at adulthood visits, median (IQR), yc | 30.8 (28.7-33.9) | 31.9 (28.9-35.4) | 31.4 (29.0-35.5) | 29.5 (26.6-32.7) |
| Mean calendar year of adulthood visits, median (IQR)c | 2002.0 (1995.0-2006.3) | 2001.0 (1993.5-2004.0) | 1999.1 (1994.2-2002.0) | 1998.0 (1991.3-2002.0) |
| Age at end of follow-up, median (IQR), yf | 46.8 (43.4-52.5) | 49.7 (43.9-52.7) | 49.8 (46.1-53.7) | 49.6 (44.1-53.6) |
| Type 2 diabetes, No./total (%) | 17/867 (2.5) | 20/230 (11.2) | 20/136 (15.2) | 234/3188 (7.5) |
| Lipid medications, No./total (%) | 43/915 (4.7) | 43/249 (17.3) | 26/158 (16.5) | 141/3712 (3.8) |
| Incident CVD events, No. (%)g | 13 (1.4) | 23 (9.1) | 9 (5.7) | 102 (2.7) |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; NHLBI, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; non–HDL-C, non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
SI conversion factor: to convert non–HDL-C from mg/dL to mmol/L, divide values by 38.67.
Non–HDL-C cutoffs to define dyslipidemia were 145 mg/dL in childhood and 190 mg/dL in adulthood. Resolution was defined as dyslipidemia in childhood and nondyslipidemia in adulthood; incident dyslipidemia as nondyslipidemia in childhood and dyslipidemia in adulthood; persistent dyslipidemia as dyslipidemia in both childhood and adulthood, and persistent normal levels as nondyslipidemia in both childhood and adulthood.
Collection of race information was based on self-report from various sources and harmonized to the categories shown. See the eAppendix in Supplement 1 for a complete description.
The mean age at childhood and adulthood visits was the mean age of participants across all available childhood (age 3-19 years) or adulthood (age 20-40 years) visits for non–HDL-C measurements. The mean calendar year of childhood and adulthood visits was the mean calendar year across all available childhood or adulthood visits for non–HDL-C measurements. Mean age at childhood visits is larger than age at the first visit for non–HDL-C measurement because most participants had multiple measurements at different ages.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Individual mean (if participant had multiple measurements) of the measurements across childhood (age 3-19.99 years).
Age at time of event, non-CVD death, or end of follow-up, whichever occurred first.
Incident CVD events included the first occurrence of adjudicated myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, ischemic heart failure, angina, peripheral artery disease, carotid intervention, abdominal aortic aneurysm, or coronary revascularization, as well as CVD deaths.