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. 2024 Jun 4;17:40. doi: 10.1186/s13045-024-01561-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Tumor microenvironment (TME) in pancreatic cancer. ADCC: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; APC: Antigen-presenting cell; CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblast; CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC: Dendritic cell; DLL: Delta like canonical notch ligand; ECM: Extracellular matrix; GM-CSF: Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFNs-I: Type I interferons; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; IL-2: Interleukin 2; MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; MQ: Macrophage; MSC: Mesenchymal stromal cell; NK: Natural killer; NO: Nitric oxide; PCSC: Pancreatic cancer stem cell; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; PSC: Pancreatic stellate cell; STING: Stimulator of interferon genes; TAM: Tumor-associated macrophage; TAN: Tumor-associated neutrophil; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; Th1: Type 1 T helper; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; Treg: Regulatory T cell; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor