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. 2024 Jun 4;21:147. doi: 10.1186/s12974-024-03116-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 12 — The GUO-PI3K/Akt axis was involved in the effects of P. copri on oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier and neuronal apoptosis in TBI mice. A-B. Oxidative stress after TBI. SOD activity (A) and ROS level (B). *, p < 0.05 vs. Sham; #, p < 0.05 vs. TBI + P. copri, n = 6 per group. C. Representative images of double immunofluorescence staining for Occludin and CD31, nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 100 μm. D. Quantitative analysis of relative Occludin fluorescence intensity in different groups. *, p < 0.05 vs. sham; #, p < 0.05 vs. TBI + P. copri, n = 4 per group. E. Representative Western blot bands of ZO-1, Occludin, Bcl-2, Bax and β-Actin at the lesion sites after TBI. F-I. Quantitative analysis of the relative density of ZO-1 (F), Occludin (G), Bcl-2 (H) and Bax (I). *, p < 0.05 vs. sham; #, p < 0.05 vs. TBI + P. copri, n = 6 per group. One-way ANOVA was used to compare means of different groups followed by a Tukey post hoc multiple-comparisons test