FIG. 4.

(A) Capture of HIV-1 purified from plasma samples of HIV-infected patients by using antibodies to lymphocyte- and macrophage-specific markers. Three patients had untreated smear-positive pulmonary TB (TB/HIV.1 to TB/HIV.3), another had a microbiologically undefined opportunistic infection (OI/HIV.4), and four other patients (HIV.1 to HIV.4) had no opportunistic infection. A signal-to-background ratio of ≥0.5 log₁₀ was taken as significant, and the data are representative of three independent experiments. HIV-1 from all samples was captured by anti-CD44 antibody, serving as a positive control. Virus from all four patients with an opportunistic infection was captured by antibody to the lymphocyte-specific marker (CD26), but only virus from those with TB was captured by antibodies to macrophage-specific markers (CD36 and CD14). Antibodies to CD26, CD14, and CD36 did not capture HIV-1 from patients with no opportunistic infection. (B) Plasma levels of acute-phase and immune activation markers expressed as a percentage of the maximum level of each seen in any patient. The maximum levels of TNF-α, TNF-R1, C-reactive protein, sCD14, and IL-6 were 22 pg/ml, 6,010 pg/ml, 220 μg/ml, 17.2 μg/ml, and 45 pg/ml, respectively.