. 2024 May 22;43:102766. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102766

Table 5.

Multiple multinomial regression model showing changes in purchasing at least one meal outside home not using OFDS and purchasing at least one meal outside home using OFDS in the last 7 days between 2018 and 2021, International Food Policy Study (N = 88337).

	Meal purchased outside home not using OFDS^						Meal purchased outside home using OFDS^
YEAR	OR^a	95 %CI^b	p- value	AOR^c	95 %CI^b	p- value	OR^a	95 %CI^b	p- value	AOR^c	95 %CI^b	p- value
Overall*
2018	ref						ref
2019	1.11	1.05, 1.18	<0.001	1.08	1.01, 1.14	<0.001	1.18	1.10, 1.27	0.067	1.16	1.07, 1.26	<0.001
2020	0.55	0.52, 0.59		0.53	0.49, 0.56		1.05	0.98, 1.12		1.06	0.98, 1.14
2021	0.69	0.65, 0.73		0.69	0.65, 0.74		1.12	1.04, 1.20		1.37	1.26, 1.48

Australia
2018	ref						ref
2019	1.03	0.91, 1.16	<0.001	1.03	0.91, 1.16	<0.001	1.02	0.87, 1.19	<0.001	1.04	0.86, 1.24	<0.001
2020	0.82	0.73, 0.92		0.85	0.75, 0.95		1.20	1.03, 1.39		1.30	1.09, 1.54
2021	0.74	0.65, 0.83		0.77	0.67, 0.87		1.30	1.12, 1.52		1.48	1.24, 1.77

Canada
2018	ref						ref
2019	1.12	0.98, 1.28	<0.001	1.14	1.00, 1.30	<0.001	1.28	1.06, 1.54	0.008	1.35	1.11, 1.65	0.001
2020	0.56	0.49, 0.63		0.58	0.51, 0.65		1.26	1.07, 1.49		1.36	1.14, 1.64
2021	0.62	0.55, 0.71		0.65	0.57, 0.74		1.29	1.09, 1.54		1.42	1.77, 1.72

Mexico
2018	ref						ref
2019	1.11	0.85, 1.43	<0.001	1.13	0.87, 1.47	<0.001	1.25	0.95, 1.63	<0.001	1.29	0.99, 1.71	0.327
2020	0.31	0.25, 0.39		0.33	0.27, 0.41		0.57	0.45, 0.72		0.65	0.52, 0.83
2021	0.46	0.39, 0.59		0.52	0.39, 0.68		0.79	0.61, 1.05		1.21	0.92, 1.59

UK
2018	ref						ref
2019	1.12	0.99, 1.25	<0.001	1.12	0.99, 1.26	<0.001	1.09	0.94, 1.27	0.039	1.08	0.91, 1.28	0.002
2020	0.38	0.34, 0.42		0.38	0.34, 0.42		0.88	0.78, 1.00		0.89	0.77, 1.04
2021	0.63	0.56, 0.71		0.65	0.58, 0.73		1.25	1.09, 1.43		1.39	1.19, 1.64

US
2018	ref						ref
2019	1.02	0.89, 1.19	<0.001	1.03	0.88, 1.19	<0.001	1.12	0.93, 1.34	0.303	1.14	0.93, 1.39	0.006
2020	0.55	0.48, 0.63		0.54	0.47, 0.52		1.16	0.98, 1.36		1.15	0.96, 1.39
2021	0.78	0.67, 0.89		0.8	0.69, 0.93		1.11	0.93, 1.32		1.31	1.08. 1.61

^compared to a meal prepared at home (reference category); *all countries combined; a—Odds ratio; b—95% confidence intervals; c—AOR: Adjusted Odds ratio (covariates adjusted include age, sex, education, ethnicity and living with children).