Table 3.
Associations between (a) autoimmune disease and risk of subsequent perinatal depression a nested case-control study, and (b) perinatal depression and subsequent risk of autoimmune disease a matched cohort study, stratified by psychiatric comorbidity.
| (a) Autoimmune disease and subsequent risk of perinatal depression | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PND | No PNDa | |||||||
| n | AD, n (%) | n | AD, n (%) | aOR | 95% CI | p for interaction | ||
| By psychiatric comorbidity | ||||||||
| No | 27,743 | 2166 (7.8) | 505,318 | 26,511 (5.2) | 1.49 | (1.42 | 1.56) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 9262 | 772 (8.3) | 7222 | 618 (8.6) | 0.94 | (0.84 | 1.06) | |
| Other disorders | 18,296 | 1633 (8.9) | 4045 | 3310 (8.2) | 1.12 | (1.05 | 1.20) | |
| (b) Perinatal depression and subsequent risk of autoimmune disease | ||||||||
| Exposed to PND | Unexposed to PNDa | |||||||
| n | AD, n (%) | n | AD, n (%) | aHR | 95% CI | p for interaction | ||
| By psychiatric comorbidity | ||||||||
| No | 25,577 | 1448 (5.7) | 439,513 | 16,499 (3.8) | 1.42 | (1.35, | 1.51) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 849 | 520 (6.1) | 605 | 294 (4.9) | 0.88 | (0.75, | 1.03) | |
| Other disorders | 16,661 | 1060 (6.4) | 34,106 | 1530 (4.5) | 1.21 | (1.11, | 1.32) | |
The estimates were adjusted for age and calendar year at matching, maternal country of birth, income, educational level, body-mass index, region of residence, smoking, family situation, and parity.
AD autoimmune disease, PND perinatal depression, aOR adjusted odds ratio, aHR adjusted hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
Values in bold indicate statistically significant results.
aWomen matched to PND women at the diagnosis date of PND.