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. 2024 May 15;9(6):1467–1482. doi: 10.1038/s41564-024-01695-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 5 — a. Validation of integrin α2/β1 knock down efficiency by western blot in HCT116 and Caco-2 cells (up) and Integrin α2β1 knockdown in HCT116 cells abrogated P. anaerobius-induced CXCL1 secretion and migration of MDSCs (down). b. Antibody blocking of integrin α2/β1 suppressed P. anaerobius-induced NF-κB activation in HCT116 and MC38 cells (up) and RGDS peptide treatment in HCT116 cells abrogated P. anaerobius-induced CXCL1 secretion and migration of MDSCs (down). a-b n = 3 biologically independent samples. c. P. anaerobius promoted the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and phospho-p65 in CRC cells. d. Induction of NF-κB activation by P. anaerobius was abolished by JSH-23 in HCT116, Caco-2 and MC38 cells. Three independent experiments were repeated with similar results in a–d. e. Treatment with JSH-23 abolished P. anaerobius -induced CXCL1 secretion (left) and MDSCs migration (right) in conditioned medium from HCT116 cell (n = 3 biologically independent samples). f. Schematic diagram of RGDS treatment in mice. RGDS abrogated P. anaerobius-induced colorectal tumorigenesis. g. Representative flow plots of IFNγ⁺CD8⁺T cells and IFNγ⁺CD4⁺T cells in colonic LP cells. h. Schematic diagram of MC38 allograft model. RGDS peptide reversed P. anaerobius -mediated anti-PD1 resistance in MC38 allografts. Representative images of tumours after sacrificing. i. Percentage of G-MDSCs in tumours were determined by flow cytometry analysis. 6-8 mice were used in each group including IgG (n = 8), a-PD1 (n = 6), a-PD1 + RGDS (n = 7), PA+ IgG (n = 8), PA+ a-PD1 (n = 8), PA+ a-PD1 + RGDS (n = 7). j. Representative tumour flow plots of IFNγ⁺CD8⁺T cells in tumours. k. Integrin α2/β1 blockade abolished the effect of P. anaerobius on NF-κB pathway in MC38 allograft tumours (n = 4 biologically independent samples). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. P values were calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (e, i).

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