Effects of PSPA on gut microbial composition. (A) Significantly different bacterial phylum between groups. (B) Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio changes. (C) Significantly different bacterial genus between groups. (D, E, F) Multiple comparisons between the two groups using the DESeq2 method. (D) Comparison between LP and M. (E) Comparison between M and MP. (F) Comparison between HP and M. (G, H) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LDA >2) analysis. (I) PSPA effect on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 at in vitro cultivation conditions, *, indicates a significant difference compared with that in non-PSPA intervention groups (P < 0.05). C: control group; M: model group; LP: low dose PSPA intervention group; MP: medium dose PSPA intervention group; HP: high dose PSPA intervention group.