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. 2024 May 23;6:100186. doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2024.100186

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Nrf2 and total and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in fibroblasts unexposed and exposed to UVA for 1 and 2 h, untreated and pretreated with 10 μM punicalagin. (A) ROS were expressed as a percentage of fluorescence intensity compared with the unexposed and untreated control, arbitrarily set at 100%. Statistical analysis was performed by comparing data between unexposed vs. exposed and between untreated vs. treated fibroblasts. ROS increased after 1 and even more after 2 h of UVA irradiation in untreated cells, whereas punicalagin rescued these oxidation levels. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 (for untreated 0 μM cells); #p < 0.05 (for 1 h exposed and pretreated cells); °°°° p < 0.0001 (for 2 h exposed and pretreated cells) with test t (B) Nrf2 dosage is presented as percentage of protein compared to untreated and unexposed control (arbitrarily set to 100%). Punicalagin induced an increase in Nrf2 levels in unexposed and exposed fibroblasts, mostly after 2 h of UVA irradiation. *p < 0.05 (for 10 μM pretreated cells) with one-way ANOVA; ##p < 0.01 (control untreated and unexposed vs. control unexposed and pretreated cells);°° p < 0.01 (2 h exposed untreated vs. 2 h exposed and pretreated cells) with t-test (C) Reduced glutathione is expressed as a fraction of total glutathione and expressed as a percentage in the different experimental conditions. *p < 0.05 (control untreated and unexposed vs. control unexposed and pretreated cells for total GSH); ##p < 0.01 (1 h exposed untreated vs. 1 h exposed and pretreated cells for reduced GSH); °° p < 0.01 (2 h exposed untreated vs. 2 h exposed and pretreated cells for reduced GSH) with test t.

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