Fig. 3.

Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, function and glycolysis in fibroblasts unexposed and exposed to UVA for 1 and 2 h, untreated and pretreated with 10 μM punicalagin. (A) Complex I activity reflects the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm during 15 min of NADH oxidation in the presence of inhibition of complex III by antimycin A. Activity is expressed as absorbance per minute per mg of protein. *p < 0.05 (control untreated and unexposed vs. control unexposed and pretreated cells at 9 min); ##p < 0.01 (1 h exposed untreated vs. 1 h exposed and pretreated cells); °° p < 0.01 (2 h exposed untreated vs. 2 h exposed and pretreated cells) by two-way ANOVA (with Geisser-Greenhouse correction) (B) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of fibroblasts. OCR is measured before (basal) and after treatment with oligomycin (oligo), carbonyl cyanide-p-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenylhydrazone (FCCP), rotenone (ROT) and antimycin A (AA). A representative OCR measurement of adherent cells in situ is shown (top panel). Quantification of mean OCR ± SEM is shown in the histogram (middle panel). Representative extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) measurements of adherent fibroblasts in the different experimental conditions are expressed as mean ± SEM and shown in the bottom panel. **p < 0.01 (1 h exposed untreated vs. 1 h exposed and pretreated cells after FCCP inhibition); ***p < 0.001 (2 h exposed untreated vs. 2 h exposed and pretreated cells after FCCP inhibition) with t-test.