Table 3.
Antecedents of incivility in higher education reported in multiple studies.
| Antecedents | Nursing Education | Other Programs* (specific discipline) |
|---|---|---|
| Stress | 9,18,29,30,31,33,85,95,96, 101,107, 115 | 48, 51, 74(social work), 99(dental hygiene) |
| Faculty incivility | ||
| Faculty behaviors perceived as uncivil; Unengaged faculty; Attitude of faculty superiority, inexperience, faculty pride, lack of empathy and privacy | 7,9,25,29,30,38,109,119 | 14, 34 (psychology), 77,83,86(business) |
| Teaching/pedagogy, boring lectures and classes, poor classroom management, poor teaching methods, inability of nursing faculty to engage students and incorporate technology into the classroom, classroom management and teaching styles | 9,44 | 83 |
| Faculty positive contributions | ||
| Teachers’ positive personal attributes, student-focused teaching, emphasis on classroom practice; Instructor credibility (competence, caring, and trustworthiness); instructor active empathic listening, nonverbal immediacy; teachers’ behavior towards students personally as just | 4,55, 58, 71,111 | |
| Student incivility/contributions | ||
| Uncivil student behaviours | 30,95 | 34 (psychology),83,84,92 |
| Competition | 7,44 | 119 |
| Student entitlement/consumerism | ||
| Student academic entitlement; lack of accountability; not taking responsibility and not being professional | 26,29,31,95,101 | 53,59,60,74(social work),84 |
| Socio demographic | ||
| Gender bias, sex, cultural differences, race, ethnicity | 2,3,7,19,65,85,93,101 | 11,24,37, 39(pharmacy), 64,74(social work), 84,87,110,116 |
| Age; age (over 35 years), older students | 9,54,93,94 | 1, 3,11,85 |
| Years of work experience in current job and institution; work experience of ≥ 10 years | 13,118 | 11,71,110 |
| Faculty status, administrative role | 36,74(social work),110 | |
| Educational level, doctoral degree | 11, 94 | 1 |
| Employed full-time | 8, 94 | |
| Marital status, single | 3,54 | |
| Classroom environment | ||
| Large class size, classroom environment | 9109 | 2,36,52 (social science),83,110,111,116, |
| Social factors | ||
| Immaturity of students, lack of respect for authority, and “the way they were raised”; mirror of society, bad upbringing | 44 | 116,119 |
| Diversity in norms and values among students and teachers and the gap between generations; different social and cultural backgrounds, with varying norms and values | 90,109 | |
| Relationships | ||
| Lack of reciprocal understanding and respect; miscommunication, lack of professionalism | 54 | 48,99(dental hygiene) |
| Leadership | ||
| Obliging conflict management style; hostile interaction style | 11,78(law) | |
| Program commitment and satisfaction | ||
| Satisfaction with major and clinical practice; Job satisfaction | 57 | 51 |
| Work environment | ||
| Unclear roles and expectations, demanding workloads | 31,85 | 74(social work) |
| Personal factors | ||
| Neuroticism, extraversion students with narcissistic tendencies | 51,84 | |
| Resilience | 96,107 | |
| Personality traits and generation gap | 54 | 119 |
⁎
Sampled from multiple programs or disciplines.