Table 4.
Consequences of incivility in higher education reported in multiple studies.
| Consequences | Nursing Education | Other Programs* (specific discipline) |
|---|---|---|
| Physiological and psychological negative outcomesa | 15,27,28,32,38,46,62,66,67,68,69, 70,75,76,79,80,89,94,98,100, 101,102,105,114,115 | 22,37,43,45,64,65,99(dental hygiene),103,108,113 |
| Isolation | 15,61 | 22,37 |
| Mental and physical health | 91,94 | |
| Stress | 35,38,91,105,114 | 36,37,43,108,119 |
| Burnout; Instructor emotional exhaustion and work strain | 10 | 53 |
| Program commitment and satisfaction | ||
| Nursing students considering leaving the program; questioning career choice and education | 15,28, 32, 70 | |
| Affected student graduate plans; missed opportunities | 46,67 | 33 |
| Educators wanting to leave job; career longevity; commitment to role and profession, loss of passion for teaching | 49, 68, 85,98,115 | 59,73(dental hygiene) |
| Job Satisfaction | 40,41,76 | 36,78(law) |
| Turnover intention | 40,76,102 | 78(law) |
| Student satisfaction with the institution | 19,72 | 23 |
| Student socialization to higher education | ||
| Hindered student learning experience, learning outcomes, academic performance; decreased student success; negatively influenced professional formation by hindering students' learning, self-esteem, self-efficacy, confidence, and developing identity as nurse | 35,105 | 37, 99(dental hygiene),112(business) |
| Relationships | ||
| Impact on professional relationships (loss of trust, distancing oneself, strained relations, and lost confidence in interactions), Tarnished reputation and credibility; relationship and professional damage; destruction of reputation and teaching credibility, threat to self esteem | 49, 66,100 | |
| Not establishing effective faculty-student relationship | 49, 80,98 | |
| Costs and productivity | ||
| Changes in pedagogy and faculty tendencies to modify grading criteria; dreaded doing tutorials | 27,68 | |
| Financial, emotional, and productivity costs | 66, 68, 98 | |
| Work environment | ||
| feeling unsafe, atmosphere of fear and uncertainty, workplace culture; hostile environment | 27 | 22,99(dental hygiene) |
| Professional formation | ||
| Nursing professional values | 57,82 |
Notea- Negative outcomes include: sleep disturbances, raised blood pressure, dramatic weight loss, respiratory infections, headaches, digestive problems, anxious, inadequate, depressed, fearful, confused, embarrassed, angry, ignored, humiliated, unsafe; feeling traumatized, powerless, helpless, angry, upset, humiliated, belittled, worthless; anxiety, depression; feeling incompetent/stupid; panic attacks; stomach ache and diarrhea; feeling embarrassed, dismissed, devalued; fear, dread, and loathing; altering personality; chest pain.
⁎
Sampled from multiple programs or disciplines.