Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the US Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2018a .
| Characteristics | Participants by survey wave | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999-2002 (n = 5860) | 2003-2006 (n = 6036) | 2007-2010 (n = 7422) | 2011-2014 (n = 7042) | 2015-2018 (n = 6635) | ||||||||
| No. | % (95% CI) | No. | % (95% CI) | No. | % (95% CI) | No. | % (95% CI) | No. | % (95% CI) | |||
| Age, yb | ||||||||||||
| 20 to <45 | 2839 | 55.62 (53.10-58.10) | 2969 | 54.17 (51.27-57.04) | 3541 | 52.47 (50.40-54.53) | 3496 | 51.26 (48.58-53.93) | 3096 | 50.02 (47.40-52.63) | ||
| 45 to <65 | 1897 | 33.05 (30.76-35.43) | 1925 | 34.66 (32.32-37.07) | 2586 | 36.16 (34.46-37.89) | 2461 | 36.88 (34.80-39.01) | 2425 | 36.37 (34.36-38.42) | ||
| ≥65 | 1124 | 11.33 (10.39-12.34) | 1142 | 11.17 (9.82-12.68) | 1295 | 11.37 (10.52-12.28) | 1085 | 11.86 (10.65-13.19) | 1114 | 13.62 (11.92-15.51) | ||
| Sexb | ||||||||||||
| Female | 2880 | 49.83 (48.49-51.18) | 2970 | 50.49 (49.47-51.52) | 3768 | 50.63 (49.39-51.87) | 3514 | 49.77 (48.15-51.40) | 3397 | 50.66 (49.21-52.12) | ||
| Male | 2980 | 50.17 (48.82-51.51) | 3066 | 49.51 (48.48-50.53) | 3654 | 49.37 (48.13-50.61) | 3528 | 50.23 (48.60-51.85) | 3238 | 49.34 (47.88-50.79) | ||
| Race and ethnicityc | ||||||||||||
| Mexican American | 1471 | 7.35 (5.62-9.55) | 1295 | 8.29 (6.21-11.00) | 1403 | 8.87 (6.33-12.30) | 844 | 8.69 (6.37-11.75) | 1095 | 9.30 (6.78-12.64) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1113 | 10.18 (8.02-12.84) | 1332 | 11.19 (8.74-14.21) | 1431 | 11.11 (9.05-13.57) | 1637 | 11.28 (8.79-14.37) | 1434 | 10.80 (8.33-13.91) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2779 | 71.20 (67.50-74.73) | 2966 | 71.69 (66.91-76.03) | 3471 | 69.25 (63.98-74.06) | 2756 | 65.98 (60.46-71.09) | 2192 | 63.82 (58.58-68.75) | ||
| Other | 497 | 11.23 (8.06-15.43) | 443 | 8.83 (7.25-10.71) | 1117 | 10.77 (8.66-13.32) | 1805 | 14.06 (12.10-16.26) | 1914 | 16.07 (13.66-18.82) | ||
| Educationb | ||||||||||||
| <9th Grade | 869 | 5.81 (4.87-6.90) | 720 | 5.38 (4.46-6.47) | 812 | 5.35 (4.43-6.44) | 466 | 3.94 (3.32-4.67) | 576 | 3.87 (2.93-5.12) | ||
| 9th-11th Grade | 1008 | 13.31 (11.92-14.84) | 853 | 10.30 (8.87-11.92) | 1223 | 12.64 (11.27-14.14) | 913 | 10.10 (8.28-12.27) | 713 | 7.33 (6.23-8.60) | ||
| High school graduate | 1370 | 25.83 (23.61-28.18) | 1456 | 25.09 (23.65-26.58) | 1774 | 24.02 (22.33-25.81) | 1516 | 21.06 (19.00-23.27) | 1527 | 24.38 (22.08-26.84) | ||
| Some college | 1478 | 29.20 (27.50-30.97) | 1756 | 32.15 (30.26-34.11) | 2076 | 30.28 (28.89-31.71) | 2244 | 33.21 (31.28-35.21) | 2082 | 31.57 (29.36-33.87) | ||
| ≥College graduate | 1135 | 25.85 (22.60-29.40) | 1251 | 27.08 (24.27-30.10) | 1537 | 27.72 (25.21-30.37) | 1903 | 31.68 (28.3-35.27) | 1737 | 32.85 (28.42-37.61) | ||
| PIRb | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 1036 | 13.22 (11.75-14.85) | 1041 | 11.22 (9.86-12.74) | 1538 | 13.66 (12.10-15.38) | 1595 | 15.88 (13.33-18.80) | 1288 | 12.81 (11.19-14.62) | ||
| ≥1 | 4824 | 86.78 (85.15-88.25) | 4995 | 88.78 (87.26-90.14) | 5884 | 86.34 (84.62-87.90) | 5447 | 84.12 (81.20-86.67) | 5347 | 87.19 (85.38-88.81) | ||
| Cigarette smoking | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 2794 | 48.70 (45.66-51.76) | 2836 | 47.50 (45.82-49.19) | 3346 | 44.46 (42.02-46.92) | 2941 | 42.20 (39.94-44.49) | 2669 | 41.39 (38.98-43.85) | ||
| No | 3066 | 51.30 (48.24-54.34) | 3200 | 52.50 (50.81-54.18) | 4076 | 55.54 (53.08-57.98) | 4101 | 57.80 (55.51-60.06) | 3966 | 58.61 (56.15-61.02) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 4094 | 73.66 (69.47-77.46) | 4282 | 74.81 (72.20-77.25) | 5441 | 77.80 (75.85-79.64) | 5244 | 80.27 (77.34-82.90) | 5280 | 85.38 (83.71-86.91) | ||
| No | 1766 | 26.34 (22.54-30.53) | 1754 | 25.19 (22.75-27.80) | 1981 | 22.20 (20.36-24.15) | 1798 | 19.73 (17.10-22.66) | 1355 | 14.62 (13.09-16.29) | ||
| Family history of CVD | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 452 | 9.50 (8.61-10.48) | 694 | 13.27 (12.01-14.64) | 898 | 11.72 (10.69-12.82) | 752 | 11.72 (10.39-13.20) | 775 | 11.95 (11.05-12.92) | ||
| No | 5408 | 90.50 (89.52-91.39) | 5342 | 86.73 (85.36-87.99) | 6524 | 88.28 (87.18-89.31) | 6290 | 88.28 (86.80-89.61) | 5860 | 88.05 (87.08-88.95) | ||
| Family history of diabetes | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 2890 | 49.52 (47.08-51.97) | 2830 | 45.11 (42.71-47.53) | 2984 | 36.97 (35.48-38.49) | 2802 | 36.24 (34.28-38.24) | 3030 | 42.69 (40.61-44.79) | ||
| No | 2970 | 50.48 (48.03-52.92) | 3206 | 54.89 (52.47-57.29) | 4438 | 63.03 (61.51-64.52) | 4240 | 63.76 (61.76-65.72) | 3605 | 57.31 (55.21-59.39) | ||
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; PIR, poverty impact ratio.
a
Nationally representative estimates of the nonpregnant US population aged 20 years or older. Percentage estimates were nationally representative through the use of survey weights.
b
Age, sex, education, and PIR were based on self-report. Income was converted to the ratio of family income to poverty according to the Department of Health and Human Services poverty thresholds.
c
Race and ethnicity were based on self-report in closed categories, and other race and ethnicity included American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and non-Hispanic Asian.