Fig. 5.

Concurrent in vivo anti-GD2 mAb treatment with TGF-β inhibition arrests tumour growth and abrogates metastasis. (a) hIL7/IL15 KI NSG mice bearing subcutaneous UM-UC-3 tumours were humanized with 5 × 10⁶ PBMC derived NK cells and reinjected once per week. Mice were injected with dinutuximab (αGD2, 500 μg) twice per week and gavaged with a TGF-β inhibitor galunisertib BID (LY2157299, 75 mg/kg). (b) The combination of αGD2 and LY2157299 was effective in reducing tumour growth, with the growth of combination-treated tumours being essentially arrested, groups (n = 5–6) were compared using two-way ANOVA, where ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. NS, not significant. (c and d) This was reflected in final tumour weights and sizes. (e) Lung metastatic lesions were quantified using bioluminescent imaging and the total flux was measured. (f) Representative bioluminescent images of the lungs are shown for each group. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. (c) and (e) Groups were compared using Mann–Whitney t test, where P > 0.05 was deemed not significant, where ∗P < 0.05, and ∗∗P < 0.01. All data in this figure were generated with UM-UC-3 cells in NSG mice. (a) was created with BioRender.