c	chord length, m
$C_{\mathrm{P}}$	pressure coefficient
f	stroke frequency, s−1
h m	plunge amplitude, m
$mse\_u$	mean square error of u
$mse\_v$	mean square error of v
$mse\_p$	mean square error of p
$\overline{mse\_u}$	cycle-averaged mean square error of u
$\overline{mse\_v}$	cycle-averaged mean square error of v
$\overline{mse\_p}$	cycle-averaged mean square error of p
$N_{collo}$	total collocation points
$N_{LHS}$	collocation points for the entire spatial-temporal space
$N_{Lins}$	instant collocation points around the flapping wing
Re	Reynolds number
T	stroke period, s
α m	pitch amplitude, °
${\epsilon }_{bc}$	boundary condition loss
${\epsilon }_g$	governing equations loss
${\epsilon }_{int}$	coarse internal data loss
${\epsilon }_I$	initial condition loss
${\epsilon }_{loss}$	governing equations loss
${\lambda }_{bc/I}$	weighting coefficient for initial and boundary condition losses
${\lambda }_{int}$	weighting coefficient for coarse internal data loss
σ	Cauchy stress tensor