Table 1.

List of VPRM initial parameters optimized against Amazonian Tropical and European biomes based on vegetation classes used in this study.

Vegetation class	Tropical parameters				European parameters
	$\lambda$	$\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{W}}_{\text{down}0}$	$\alpha$	$\beta$	$\lambda$	$\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{W}}_{\text{down}0}$	$\alpha$	$\beta$
Grassland	0.13	157	0.026	0	−0.17	229.1	0.08	0.58
Cropland	0.12	646	0.004	0	−0.13	690.3	0.16	−0.01
Savanna	0.11	682	0.004	0	−0.11	682	0.004	0
Shrubland	0.08	303	0.02	0	−0.08	363	0.02	0
Deciduous forest	0.17	324	0.32	0	−0.19	271.4	0.14	0.82
Evergreen forest	0.21	501	0.16	0	−0.30	270.2	0.17	0.88
Mixed forest	0.25	206	0.34	0	−0.28	236.6	0.22	0.43

*Units are as follows: $\lambda$: µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹/ µmol $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{W}}_{\text{down}}$ m⁻² s⁻¹; $\alpha$: µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹/ °C; $\beta$: µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹; $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{W}}_{\text{down}0}$: µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹.