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Phenotype analysis of spermatid elongation for TiO2 NP exposure. (A) Immunostaining of Orb (green) to label elongated spermatids in control and TiO2 NP exposure at 0.45, 0.9, and 1.8 mg/mL. DNA was stained with Hoechst33342 (blue). (B) The number of Orb-positive spermatid cluster. ***P < 0.001, n.s. represents no statistical difference. Scale bar: 50 μM.
