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| chemical environment and peak ratios | functional group | binding energy (eV) | CQDs-1 | CQDs-2 | CQDs-3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1S | C=C | 284.5 | 33.6% | 75.0% | 95.2% |
| C–C, C–H | 285.0 | 33.4% | 21.6% | 0% | |
| C–OH, C–O–C | 286.5 | 19.2% | 2.7% | 0% | |
| C=O | 288.0 | 8.1% | 0.6% | 2.3% | |
| O–C=O | 289.0 | 5.7% | 0% | 2.5% | |
| O1s | C=O | 531.0 | 56.4% | 53.5% | 51.5% |
| O–(C=O*)–C | 531.6 | 26.8% | 31.2% | 29.2% | |
| C–OH | 533.6 | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.3% | |
| *O–(C=O) | 534.8 | 16.5% | 14.6% | 19.0% |
