Table 1.
Demographic data, prevalence of COVID-19 and other related variables (n = 3856)
| Variables | Number (%) or mean (SD) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 77.0 (6.1), range 67 to 100 |
| Sex§ Female | 1,967 (51.0%) |
| Baseline EQ-5D-5 L (n = 3810) § | 0.798 (0.18) |
| Year 2 EQ-5D-5 L Ω | 0.789 (0.19) |
| Covid-19 Questionnaire EQ-5D-5 L | 0.770 (0.20) |
| Change in EQ-5D-5 L scores from Year 2 to Covid-19 Questionnaire (n = 3645) | − 0.018 (0.13) |
| Number of comorbidities§ None | 498 (12.9%) |
| 1 | 1153 (29.9%) |
| 2 | 1176 (30.5%) |
| 3 or more | 1029 (26.7%) |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation§ Quintiles – Q1 (least deprived) | 338 (8.8%) |
| Q2 | 432 (11.2%) |
| Q3 | 842 (21.8%) |
| Q4 | 864 (22.4%) |
| Q5 (most deprived) | 1380 (35.8%) |
| Adequacy of Income§ Quite comfortably off | 1430 (37.1%) |
| (missing data n = 19, < 1%) Get by without much difficulty | 1430 (37.1%) |
| Have to be careful with money | 731 (19.0%) |
| Find it a strain to get by | 37 (1.0%) |
| Prefer not to say | 231 (6.0%) |
| Relationship status§ (missing data n = 6, < 1%) Married | 2,553 (66.2%) |
| Living with partner | 148 (3.8%) |
| Never married | 156 (4.1%) |
| Separated or divorced | 310 (8.0%) |
| Widow/widower | 683 (17.7%) |
| Living alone§ (missing data n = 12, < 1%) Yes | 1022 (26.5%) |
| No | 2822 (73.2%) |
| Asked to shield (missing data n = 50, 1.3%) Yes | 651 (16.9%) |
| No | 3155 (81.8%) |
| Experienced COVID-19 symptoms (missing data n = 359, 9.3%) Yes | 179 (4.6%) |
| No | 3642 (94.4%) |
| COVID-19 diagnosed by doctor (missing data n = 43, 1.1%) Yes | 35 (< 1%) |
| No | 3778 (98.0%) |
| Had a COVID-19 test (missing data n = 53, 1.4%) Yes | 451 (11.7%) |
| No | 3352 (86.9%) |
| COVID-19 test results (missing data n = 7/451, 1.6%) Negative | 404/451 (89.6%) |
| Positive | 7/451 (1.6%) |
| Unknown | 33/451 (7.3%) |
| COVID-19 hospital admission Yes | 10 (< 1%) |
| (Missing data n = 255, 6.2%) No | 3591 (93.3%) |
| Length of hospital stay* (n = 10) | 3 [1, 6] |
| Needing assistance with breathing while hospitalised Yes | 2/10 (20%) |
| (Missing data n = 1/10, 10%) No | 7/10 (70%) |
| Changes in living arrangements due to COVID-19 Yes | 130 (3.4%) |
| (missing data n = 232, 6.0%) No | 3494 (90.6%) |
| Bereavement of close family member or friend due to COVID-19 Yes | 177 (4.6%) |
| (missing data n = 106, 2.7%) No | 3573 (92.7%) |
§ From OPAL baseline questionnaire; Ω from OPAL Year 2 questionnaire; *Median (IQR)
Normative data Eq. 5D-5 L for an English Population: Female: 65–69 years = 0.775 (0.770–0.795); 70–74 years = 0.784 (0.779–0.801); 75–79 years = 0.730 (0.724–0.755); 80–84 years = 0.710 (0.699–0.733); 85–89 years = 0.666 (0.657–0.707); 90 + years = 0.666 (0.651–0.721); Male: 65–69 years = 0.797 (0.792–0.818); 70–74 years: 0.801 (0.794–0.818); 75–79 years = 0.788 (0.781–0.806); 80–84 years = 0.767 (0.760–0.801); 85–89 years = 0.727 (0.704–0.764); 90 + years = 0.656 (0.635–0.730) [20]