Table 1.
Summary of screening results.
| Plant Name | PXR Activation | AhR Activation | CYP3A4 Inhibition | CYP1A2 Inhibition | P-gp Inhibition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Acacia rigidula [gum] | M | – | S | W | S |
| Achillea millefolium L. [flower] | S | – | W | W | – |
| Actaea racemosa L. [root] | – | M | – | – | – |
| Agastache rugosa Kuntze [mixed parts] | P | S | – | W | – |
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. [leaf] | M | P | M | M | – |
| Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. [mixed parts] | – | – | W | – | M |
| Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels [root] | S | S | S | M | – |
| Apium graveolens L. [seed] | P | S | W | M | – |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. [fruit] | M | M | – | – | M |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. [leaf] | S | – | – | – | – |
| Astragalus membranaceus [root] | – | M | W | – | M |
| Artemisia annua L. [mixed parts] | M | M | – | – | – |
| Atractylodes lancea DC. [root] | P | M | W | W | – |
| Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. [root] | S | – | W | – | – |
| Atropa belladonna L. [leaf] | M | – | W | – | – |
| Avena sativa L. [fruit coat] | – | – | – | – | – |
| Avena sativa L. [seed] | – | – | W | S | S |
| Berberis aquifolium Pursh [mixed part] | S | S | M | – | – |
| Boswellia serrata Roxb. [gum] | – | – | M | – | – |
| Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze [leaf] | – | – | – | – | M |
| Capsicum annuum L. [fruit] | P | S | M | S | M |
| Capsicum chinense Jacq. [fruit] | – | – | W | – | – |
| Capsicum frutescens L. [fruit] | M | – | W | W | S |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. [flower] | M | M | W | – | – |
| Cassia angustifolia [leaf] | S | P | S | W | – |
| Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. [mixed parts] | S | M | – | – | – |
| Chrysanthemum indicum L. [flower] | M | M | W | W | M |
| Citrus aurantium L. [fruit] | S | S | W | W | – |
| Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck [fruit] | – | S | – | – | – |
| Citrus paradisi [fruit] | – | – | – | – | – |
| Citrus reticulata [fruit] | – | M | – | – | – |
| Citrus sinensis [leaf] | – | – | W | – | – |
| Citrus sinensis [fruit] | – | M | – | – | – |
| Cnidium monnieri Cusson [seed] | M | P | S | S | S |
| Coffea arabica L. [seed] | – | – | M | – | – |
| Coleus forskohlii Briq. [stem] | S | M | W | W | – |
| Crataegus monogyna Jacq. [fruit] | M | – | – | – | – |
| Crataegus monogyna Jacq. [mixed parts] | M | – | W | W | – |
| Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. | – | – | – | – | – |
| Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge [fruit] | – | M | – | – | – |
| Curcuma longa L. [rhizome] | P | P | S | S | S |
| Cyanotis vaga (Lour.) Schult.f. [mixed parts] | M | S | M | W | – |
| Cynara cardunculus L. [leaf] | M | M | S | W | M |
| Cyperus rotundus L. [root] | P | P | M | W | S |
| Dendrobium nobile Lindl. [stem] | M | P | S | S | S |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC [root] | M | M | S | – | M |
| Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. [mixed parts] | M | P | M | – | – |
| Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. [leaf] | S | – | M | W | M |
| Eurycoma longifolia Jack [root] | M | M | – | – | – |
| Euterpe oleracea Mart. [fruit] | M | – | W | – | – |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. [seed] | M | M | – | – | – |
| Forsythia suspensa Vahl [fruit] | M | – | W | – | – |
| Garcinia cambogia [fruit] | S | P | W | – | S |
| Garcinia mangostana L. [fruit] | S | P | W | W | M |
| Ginkgo biloba L. [leaf] | M | M | S | – | S |
| Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. [leaf] | – | M | W | – | – |
| Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet [mixed parts] | – | – | W | – | – |
| Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis. [mixed parts] | P | S | M | – | S |
| Hydrastis canadensis L. [leaf] | S | P | S | W | – |
| Hydrastis canadensis L. [root] | – | S | – | S | – |
| Hypericum perforatum L. [mixed parts] | S | S | M | – | – |
| Hex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. [leaf] | M | M | W | – | – |
| Hex vomitoria Aiton [fruit] | M | – | W | W | – |
| Hex vomitoria Aiton [leaf] | – | M | – | – | – |
| Lycium barbarum L. [fruit] | – | M | – | – | – |
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. [flower bud] | – | M | – | – | – |
| Medicago sativa L. [mixed parts] | – | M | W | – | – |
| Moringa oleifera Lam. [aerial parts] | M | M | W | – | – |
| Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. [mixed parts] | M | M | W | – | – |
| Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. [seed] | – | – | M | – | – |
| Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. [leaf] | – | M | M | M | S |
| Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [flower] | M | – | W | – | – |
| Nigella sativa L. [seed] | S | – | W | M | – |
| Olea europaea L. [leaf] | – | – | W | – | – |
| Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. [root] | – | – | – | – | – |
| Paullinia cupana Kunth [seed] | – | – | W | W | – |
| Pausinystalia johimbe (K.Schum.) Pierre [bark] | M | P | W | – | S |
| Petasites vulgaris [root] | M | – | M | W | S |
| Pfaffia paniculata [root] | M | M | – | – | – |
| Phyllanthus emblica L. [fruit] | – | – | – | W | – |
| Piper nigrum L. [fruit] | P | P | S | S | – |
| Plantago asiatica L. [seed] | – | – | W | W | – |
| Polygonum cuspidatum Willd. ex Spreng. [root] | – | – | M | S | – |
| Polygonum multiflorum [mixed parts] | M | – | – | – | – |
| Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth. [root] | P | P | W | W | S |
| Pueraria lobata [root] | P | S | M | W | – |
| Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. [root] | P | – | – | – | – |
| Rauvolfia vomitoria Wennberg [root] | S | P | W | M | S |
| Rhamnus frangula [bark] | M | – | W | M | M |
| Rhamnus purshiana (DC.) A.Gray [bark] | M | – | – | W | – |
| Rhodiola rosea L. [root] | M | P | W | W | S |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. [leaf] | M | S | M | M | M |
| Salix alba L. [bark] | – | M | M | W | M |
| Sambucus nigra L. [fruit] | M | M | M | W | M |
| Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N.E.Br. [leaf] | M | S | M | – | – |
| Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. [fruit] | P | – | W | – | – |
| Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [root] | M | S | W | S | – |
| Serenoa repens (W.Bartram) Small [fruit] | – | – | M | W | – |
| Sida cordifolia L. [mixed parts] | S | S | W | – | – |
| Sida rhombifolia L. [mixed parts] | M | M | W | – | – |
| Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. [flower] | P | P | M | M | – |
| Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. [leaf] | M | – | M | W | – |
| Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn. [bark] | – | – | M | W | – |
| Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. [fruit] | – | M | M | S | S |
| Terminalia chebula Retz. [fruit] | M | – | W | M | – |
| Theobroma cacao L. [seed] | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tribulus terrestris L. [fruit] | – | M | W | M | – |
| Tribulus terrestris L. [mixed parts] | P | P | W | – | – |
| Trifolium pratense L. [flower] | M | – | – | – | – |
| Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. [leaf] | P | P | S | M | – |
| Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. [mixed parts] | M | M | M | W | S |
| Ulmus fulva [bark] | S | – | W | W | – |
| Urtica dioica L. [leaf] | M | M | W | – | – |
| Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton [fruit] | S | – | – | – | – |
| Vaccinium myrtillus L. [fruit] | P | M | W | W | – |
| Valeriana edulis Nutt. [root] | M | M | W | – | – |
| Valeriana officinalis L. [root] | S | M | – | – | – |
| Viburnum opulus L. [bark] | M | M | W | W | – |
| Vitis vinifera L. [fruit] | – | – | – | – | – |
| Vitis vinifera L. [seed] | M | M | – | – | – |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal [leaf] | M | – | M | – | – |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal [root] | M | S | W | – | – |
| Xanthium sibiricum [fruit] | – | – | M | – | – |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe [rhizome] | S | M | S | W | – |
| Z. jujuba [seed] | S | – | W | M | M |
M = mild; P = potent; S = strong; W = weak; - = no activation or no inhibition.